Issue |
A&A
Volume 686, June 2024
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | L2 | |
Number of page(s) | 23 | |
Section | Letters to the Editor | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449763 | |
Published online | 27 May 2024 |
Letter to the Editor
Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry⋆
1
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
e-mail: pasquale.panuzzo@observatoiredeparis.psl.eu
2
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
3
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
4
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
5
Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
6
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
7
RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
8
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum fr Astronomie der Universitt Heidelberg, Mnchhofstr. 12-14, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
9
Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
10
HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
11
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
12
Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
13
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
14
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
15
INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
16
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
17
CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
18
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
19
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
20
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
21
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
22
Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
23
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
24
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), c. Esteve Terradas 1, 08860 Castelldefels, (Barcelona), Spain
25
Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universitt Dresden, Mommsenstraße 13, 01062 Dresden, Germany
26
Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden
27
Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), c. Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
28
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
29
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
30
Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
31
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
32
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Knigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
33
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy
34
European Space Agency (ESA, retired), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
35
University of Turin, Department of Physics, Via Pietro Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
36
Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
37
DAPCOM Data Services, c. dels Vilabella, 5-7, 80500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
38
Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
39
ALTEC S.p.a, Corso Marche, 79, 10146 Torino, Italy
40
Sednai Sàrl, Geneva, Switzerland
41
Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
42
SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
43
IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille, 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
44
INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
45
Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
46
Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège, 19c, Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
47
CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire Bp 63, Bouzareah, 16340 Algiers, Algeria
48
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
49
CIGUS CITIC – Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña, Campus de Elviña s/n, A Coruña 15071, Spain
50
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
51
Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, 15783 Athens, Greece
52
Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
53
CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
54
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
55
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
56
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 11 rue de l’Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France
57
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, (Roma), Italy
58
Space Science Data Center – ASI, Via del Politecnico SNC, 00133 Roma, Italy
59
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
60
Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, Vuorimiehentie 5, 02150 Espoo, Finland
61
Institut UTINAM CNRS UMR6213, Université de Franche-Comté, OSU THETA Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Observatoire de Besançon, BP1615, 25010 Besançon Cedex, France
62
HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
63
Dpto. de Inteligencia Artificial, UNED, c/ Juan del Rosal 16, 28040 Madrid, Spain
64
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany
65
Konkoly Observatory, HUN-REN Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre of Excellence, 1121 Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Budapest, Hungary
66
Institute of Physics and Astronomy, ELTE Etvs Loránd University, 1117 Pázmány Péter sétány 1A, Budapest, Hungary
67
University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics, Türkenschanzstraße 17, A1180 Vienna, Austria
68
ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada 28692 Madrid, Spain
69
Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
70
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, AL10 9AB Hatfield, UK
71
Quasar Science Resources for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
72
LASIGE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edif. C6, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
73
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
74
Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
75
Thales Services for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
76
Telespazio for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
77
National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
78
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
79
EURIX S.r.l., Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 61, 10128 Torino, Italy
80
Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
81
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., MS 15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
82
Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie, University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
83
Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
84
ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Mt. Stromlo, Australia
85
ATOS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
86
Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, 35122 Padova, Italy
87
LFCA/DAS,Universidad de Chile, CNRS, Casilla 36-D, Santiago, Chile
88
University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos Str., Egaleo, 12243 Athens, Greece
89
SISSA – Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
90
SII for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
91
University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino, Italy
92
Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, Univ. de Cantabria, ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
93
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
94
Port d’Informació Científica (PIC), Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
95
Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
96
Monash University, 10 College Walk, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
97
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
98
Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Físicas – Instituto de Astrofísica, Fernandez Concha 700, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
99
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 Place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
100
University of Turin, Mathematical Department “G.Peano”, Via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123 Torino, Italy
101
University of Antwerp, Onderzoeksgroep Toegepaste Wiskunde, Middelheimlaan 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
102
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo, Via Mentore Maggini, 64100 Teramo, Italy
103
APAVE EXPLOITATION for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
104
Dpto. Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
105
The Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University, 726 Broadway, New York, NY 10003, USA
106
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
107
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
108
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
109
Data Science and Big Data Lab, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain
110
Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH, Crete, Greece
111
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Plaça Eusebi Gell 1-3, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
112
Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
113
F.R.S.-FNRS, Rue d’Egmont 5, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
114
Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Luleå University of Technology, Box 848, 981 28 Kiruna, Sweden
115
IAC – Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Via Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna S.C., Tenerife, Spain
116
Department of Astrophysics, University of La Laguna, Via Láctea s/n, 38200 La Laguna S.C., Tenerife, Spain
117
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA
118
Université Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes), UMR 6251, 35000 Rennes, France
119
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
120
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
121
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PR China
122
São Paulo State University, Grupo de Dinâmica Orbital e Planetologia, CEP 12516-410, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
123
CIGUS CITIC, Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering, University of A Coruña, Paseo de Ronda 51, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
124
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
125
IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
126
Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
127
Astronomical Institute, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague, Czech Republic
128
Dribia Data Research S.L., Pg. de Gràcia, 55, 3r 4a 08007, Barcelona, Spain
129
Pioneer Research Center for Climate and Earth Science, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
130
Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
131
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010, USA
132
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi, 46, 23807 Merate, (LC), Italy
133
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
134
Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
135
Centre de Données Astronomique de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
136
Astrophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK
137
Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), ESA-ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
138
naXys, Department of Mathematics, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
139
INAF. Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
140
H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
141
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofìsica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitaria, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
142
Escuela de Arquitectura y Politécnica – Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
143
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología – Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, Rioja, Spain
144
Institut fr Physik und Astronomie, Universitt Potsdam, Haus 28, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Golm, (Potsdam), Germany
145
Applied Physics Department, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
146
Instituto de Física e Ciencias Aeroespaciais (IFCAE), Universidade de Vigo Campus de As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
147
Purple Mountain Observatory and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Yuanhua Road, Nanjing 210033, PR China
148
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis bd. Arago, 75014 Paris, France
149
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Received:
27
February
2024
Accepted:
30
March
2024
Context. Gravitational waves from black-hole (BH) merging events have revealed a population of extra-galactic BHs residing in short-period binaries with masses that are higher than expected based on most stellar evolution models – and also higher than known stellar-origin black holes in our Galaxy. It has been proposed that those high-mass BHs are the remnants of massive metal-poor stars.
Aims. Gaia astrometry is expected to uncover many Galactic wide-binary systems containing dormant BHs, which may not have been detected before. The study of this population will provide new information on the BH-mass distribution in binaries and shed light on their formation mechanisms and progenitors.
Methods. As part of the validation efforts in preparation for the fourth Gaia data release (DR4), we analysed the preliminary astrometric binary solutions, obtained by the Gaia Non-Single Star pipeline, to verify their significance and to minimise false-detection rates in high-mass-function orbital solutions.
Results. The astrometric binary solution of one source, Gaia BH3, implies the presence of a 32.70 ± 0.82 M⊙ BH in a binary system with a period of 11.6 yr. Gaia radial velocities independently validate the astrometric orbit. Broad-band photometric and spectroscopic data show that the visible component is an old, very metal-poor giant of the Galactic halo, at a distance of 590 pc.
Conclusions. The BH in the Gaia BH3 system is more massive than any other Galactic stellar-origin BH known thus far. The low metallicity of the star companion supports the scenario that metal-poor massive stars are progenitors of the high-mass BHs detected by gravitational-wave telescopes. The Galactic orbit of the system and its metallicity indicate that it might belong to the Sequoia halo substructure. Alternatively, and more plausibly, it could belong to the ED-2 stream, which likely originated from a globular cluster that had been disrupted by the Milky Way.
Key words: astrometry / binaries: spectroscopic / stars: black holes / stars: evolution / stars: massive / stars: Population II
Full Table B.1 and Table B.2 with Gaia epoch data are available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr (130.79.128.5) or via https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/686/L2
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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