Euclid preparation

XXXVIII. Spectroscopy of active galactic nuclei with NISP^⋆

¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
² Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Firenze, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
³ School of Physics, HH Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy
⁵ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁶ INAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁷ INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
¹⁰ Department of Mathematics and Physics, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy
¹¹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy
¹² INFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
¹³ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
¹⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹⁷ DTx – Digital Transformation CoLAB, Building 1, Azurém Campus, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
¹⁸ Department of Physics, Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
¹⁹ SISSA-International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, TS, Italy
²⁰ INFN-Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, TS, Italy
²¹ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
²² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
²³ INAF-Instituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy
²⁴ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
²⁵ School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
²⁶ Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d’astrophysique spatiale, 91405 Orsay, France
²⁷ ESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada Madrid, Spain
²⁸ Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK
²⁹ INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy
³⁰ Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³² INFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
³³ Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany
³⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, (TO), Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁶ INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
³⁷ Department of Physics “E. Pancini”, University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁸ INFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126 Napoli, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴⁰ INFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
⁴¹ Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
⁴² Port d’Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, (Barcelona), Spain
⁴³ Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
⁴⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi” – Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁵ Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK
⁴⁶ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁴⁷ European Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
⁴⁸ University of Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁴⁹ Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵⁰ UCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
⁵¹ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁵² Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
⁵³ Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵⁴ Department of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁵⁵ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁵⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁷ University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁵⁸ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PO Box 1029, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁵⁹ Department of Physics, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
⁶⁰ von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH, SchloßPlatz 8, 68723 Schwetzingen, Germany
⁶¹ Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
⁶² Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
⁶³ Department of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁴ Université de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
⁶⁵ Department of Physics, PO Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁶ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁶⁷ NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
⁶⁸ Universität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁶⁹ Department of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
⁷⁰ Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
⁷¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷² Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁷³ European Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁷⁴ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁷⁵ Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
⁷⁷ Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
⁷⁸ Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁷⁹ Space Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸⁰ Centre National d’Études Spatiales – Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Édouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
⁸¹ Institute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov 077125, Romania
⁸² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸³ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁸⁴ Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
⁸⁵ Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capitá 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁶ Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Magrans, s/n, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
⁸⁷ Satlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, Spain
⁸⁸ Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Avenida Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
⁸⁹ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁹⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal
⁹¹ Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
⁹² Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES, 14 Av. Édouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁹³ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
⁹⁴ INFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁵ IFPU-Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy
⁹⁶ INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁹⁷ Centre de Calcul de l’IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin, 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
⁹⁸ Institut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁹ Université St Joseph; Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
¹⁰⁰ Junia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France
¹⁰¹ ICSC-Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy
¹⁰² Instituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
¹⁰³ CERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
¹⁰⁴ Laboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France
¹⁰⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹⁰⁶ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
¹⁰⁷ Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, 67000 Strasbourg, France
¹⁰⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
¹⁰⁹ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹⁰ Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
¹¹¹ Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
¹¹² Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
¹¹³ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
¹¹⁴ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
¹¹⁵ Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
¹¹⁶ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
¹¹⁷ Department of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3C3, Canada
¹¹⁸ Departamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
¹¹⁹ Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo 00 076, Finland
¹²⁰ Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB), German Centre for Cosmological Lensing (GCCL), 44780 Bochum, Germany
¹²¹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
¹²² Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
¹²³ Serco for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanizacion Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain
¹²⁴ ARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, Australia
¹²⁵ Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
¹²⁶ W.M. Keck Observatory, 65-1120 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, HI, USA
¹²⁷ Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
¹²⁸ Astrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
¹²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹³⁰ INFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 – c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy
¹³¹ Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³² Zentrum für Astronomie, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
¹³³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁴ INFN-Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy
¹³⁵ Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
¹³⁶ ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
¹³⁷ Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
¹³⁸ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
¹³⁹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
¹⁴⁰ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
¹⁴¹ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark

Received: 19 October 2023
Accepted: 24 January 2024

Abstract

The statistical distribution and evolution of key properties of active galactic nuclei (AGN), such as their accretion rate, mass, and spin, remains a subject of open debate in astrophysics. The ESA Euclid space mission, launched on July 1 2023, promises a breakthrough in this field. We create detailed mock catalogues of AGN spectra from the rest-frame near-infrared down to the ultraviolet – including emission lines – to simulate what Euclid will observe for both obscured (type 2) and unobscured (type 1) AGN. We concentrate on the red grisms of the NISP instrument, which will be used for the wide-field survey, opening a new window for spectroscopic AGN studies in the near-infrared. We quantify the efficiency in the redshift determination as well as in retrieving the emission line flux of the Hα+[N II] complex, as Euclid is mainly focused on this emission line, given that it is expected to be the brightest one in the probed redshift range. Spectroscopic redshifts are measured for 83% of the simulated AGN in the interval where the Hα is visible (i.e. 0.89 <  z <  1.83 at a line flux of > 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻², encompassing the peak of AGN activity at z ≃ 1 − 1.5) within the spectral coverage of the red grism. Outside this redshift range, the measurement efficiency decreases significantly. Overall, a spectroscopic redshift iscorrectly determined for about 90% of type 2 AGN down to an emission line flux of roughly 3 × 10⁻¹⁶ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻², and for type 1 AGN down to 8.5 × 10⁻¹⁶ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻². Recovered values for black hole mass show a small offset with respect to the input values by about 10%, but the agreement is good overall. With such a high spectroscopic coverage at z <  2, we will be able to measure AGN demography, scaling relations, and clustering from the epoch of the peak of AGN activity down to the present-day Universe for hundreds of thousands of AGN with homogeneous spectroscopic information.