Thermal processing of primordial pebbles in evolving protoplanetary disks

¹ Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 323 West Hall, 1085 S. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
e-mail: mjcolmen@umich.edu
² Center for Star and Planet Formation and Natural History Museum of Denmark, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
³ Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden

Received: 16 August 2023
Accepted: 6 February 2024

Abstract

During protoplanetary disk formation, dust grains located in the outer disk retain their pristine icy composition, while solids in the inner stellar-heated disk undergo volatile loss. This process may have left a fossil record in Solar System material, showing different nucleosynthetic imprints that have been attributed to different degrees of thermal processing. However, it remains unclear how a large mass fraction of thermally processed inner-disk pebbles is produced and how these grains are subsequently transported throughout the disk. In this work, we numerically investigate the evolution in time of a two-component pebble disk consisting of both pristine pebbles and those that underwent ice sublimation. We find that stellar outbursts exceeding 1000 times the solar luminosity are efficient in thermally altering, through ice sublimation, a large mass fraction of pebbles (around 80%). After the establishment of this initial radial dust composition gradient throughout the disk, the subsequent mixing and inward drift of pristine outer-disk pebbles alter the inner disk bulk composition from processed to more unprocessed in time. Therefore, if processed pebbles without ice mantles have an isotopic composition similar to ureilite meteorites from the inner Solar System, inner-disk minor bodies forming from the early pebble flux (<1 Myr) will be isotopically ureilite-like, while later-formed bodies will be increasingly admixed with the signature of the lateincoming, CI chondrite-like unprocessed pebbles. This appears to be largely consistent with the trend seen between the accretion age of different meteoric classes and their different stable isotope composition anomalies (in μ⁵⁴Cr, μ⁴⁸Ca, μ³⁰Si, and μ⁵⁸Ni), but further work may be needed to explain the role of isotopically anomalous refractory inclusions and anomaly trends in other elements. Our findings further support an early thermal processing of ice mantles via stellar outbursts that are common around young Sun-like stars.