Exsolution process in white dwarf stars

¹ Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, c/Esteve Terrades 5, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
e-mail: maria.camisassa@upc.edu
² Ioffe Institute, Politekhnicheskaya 26, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia
³ Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, c/Gran Capità 2–4, Edif. Nexus 104, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

Received: 21 October 2023
Accepted: 1 December 2023

Abstract

Context. White dwarf stars are considered to be suitable cosmic laboratories for studying the physics of dense plasma. Furthermore, the use of white dwarf stars as cosmic clocks to date stellar populations and main sequence companions demands an appropriate understanding of the physics of white dwarfs in order to provide precise ages for these stars.

Aims. We aim to study exsolution in the interior of white dwarf stars, a process in which a crystallized ionic binary mixture separates into two solid solutions with different fractions of the constituents. Depending on the composition of the parent solid mixture, this process can release or absorb heat, thus leading to a delay or a speed-up of white dwarf cooling.

Methods. Relying on accurate phase diagrams for exsolution, we modeled this process in hydrogen(H)-rich white dwarfs with both carbon–oxygen (CO) and oxygen–neon (ONe) core composition, with masses ranging from 0.53 to 1.29 M_⊙ and from 1.10 to 1.29 M_⊙, respectively.

Results. Exsolution is a slow process that takes place at low luminosities (log(L/L_⊙)≲ − 2.75) and effective temperatures (T_eff ≲ 18 000 K) in white dwarfs. We find that exsolution begins at brighter luminosities in CO than in ONe white dwarfs of the same mass. Massive white dwarfs undergo exsolution at brighter luminosities than their lower-mass counterparts. The net effect of exsolution on white dwarf cooling times depends on the stellar mass and the exact chemical profile. For standard core chemical profiles and preferred assumptions regarding miscibility gap microphysics, the cooling delay can be as large as ∼0.35 Gyr at log(L/L_⊙)∼ − 5. We neglect any chemical redistribution possibly associated with this process, which could lead to a further cooling delay. Although the chemical redistribution is known to accompany exsolution in binary solid mixtures on Earth, given the solid state of the matter, it is hard to model in a reliable way, and its effect may be postponed until very low luminosities.

Conclusions. Exsolution has a marginal effect on white dwarf cooling times and, accordingly, we find no white dwarf branches associated with it on the Gaia color–magnitude diagram. However, exsolution in massive white dwarfs can alter the faint end of the white dwarf luminosity function, thus impacting white dwarf cosmochronology.