Unveiling the origin of the optical and UV emission during the 2017 giant outburst of the Galactic ULX pulsar Swift J0243.6+6124

¹ Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
e-mail: julia@cab.inta-csic.es
² Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
³ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁴ Quasar Science Resources SL for ESA, European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), 28692 Villanueva de la Canãda, Madrid, Spain
⁵ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
⁶ Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
⁷ Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
⁸ Physics Department, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
⁹ University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
¹⁰ International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
¹¹ ST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA

Received: 11 August 2023
Accepted: 7 December 2023

Abstract

Context. From late September 2017 to January 2018, the Be X-ray binary (BeXB) Swift J0243.6+6124 underwent a giant outburst that was unprecedently bright. The reported X-ray luminosities were so high that the system was classified as an ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX). It was also the first BeXB pulsar to show radio jet emission. The source was not only bright in X-rays and radio, but also in the optical and ultraviolet (UV) wavelenghts as well.

Aims. In this work, we aim to understand the origin of the observed optical/UV fluxes simultaneous to the X-ray emission.

Methods. We studied the optical/UV light curves in comparison with the X-ray fluxes along the outburst. We considered the main mechanisms that can explain the optical/UV emission in X-ray binaries. Due to the tight correlation observed between the optical/UV and X-ray light curves, reprocessing of X-rays seems to be the most plausible explanation. We calculated the timescales of the light curve decays and studied the correlation indexes between the optical and X-ray emission. Finally, we built a physical model that considers the X-ray heating of the surface of the donor star, irradiation of the accretion disk, and emission from a viscously heated accretion disk, so that we could reproduce the observed optical/UV spectral energy distributions (SEDs) along the outburst. In our model, we considered the Be circumstellar disk to be co-planar to the orbit and then we neglected its irradiation in the current model. As an input for the model, we used as incident X-ray luminosities those calculated from the bolometric X-ray fluxes obtained from the spectral fit of the Swift/XRT and BAT observations.

Results. The timescales of the exponential decay of the outburst are between two and four times longer for the UV and optical light curves than for the X-ray light curve. The correlation index between the optical/UV and X-ray fluxes varies between optical/UV filters and when different X-ray bands are considered and is larger for the rise than for the decay phase of the outburst for the fluxes at redder wavelengths. The modelling of the SED shows that X-ray heating of the companion star surface is the main mechanism contributing to the UV emission and contributes significantly to the optical emission during the whole outburst. The X-ray irradiation of the accretion disk is necessary to reproduce the optical observed fluxes from MJD 58047 to 58120 and contributes significantly to the UV fluxes close to the peak of the outburst. As a first attempt, the fits yield an increasing value of the outer radius of the accretion disk along the outburst. An alternative interpretation points to variations in the geometry of the inner flow and the fraction of reprocessed X-ray emission during the outburst. On the other hand, variations in the geometry of the Be circumstellar disk could also play a role, but they have not been considered in the current model.

Conclusions. Reprocessing of X-rays via the X-ray heating of the Be star surface and as irradiation of the accretion disk is the main mechanism that can reproduce the observed optical/UV emission during the 2017−2018 giant outburst of Swift J0243.6+6124.