Issue |
A&A
Volume 682, February 2024
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | L3 | |
Number of page(s) | 15 | |
Section | Letters to the Editor | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348308 | |
Published online | 01 February 2024 |
Letter to the Editor
Ordered magnetic fields around the 3C 84 central black hole
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
e-mail: gfparaschos@mpifr-bonn.mpg.de
2
Department of Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
3
Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezručovo nám. 13, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic
4
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain
5
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Avenida Divina Pastora 7, Local 20, 18012 Granada, Spain
6
Department of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, PO Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
7
Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
8
Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
9
Steward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
10
Data Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
11
Program in Applied Mathematics, University of Arizona, 617 N. Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
12
NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Einstein Fellow, USA
13
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USA
14
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
15
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
16
Department of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
17
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C.
18
Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
19
Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
20
Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 43992 Onsala, Sweden
21
Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
22
Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
23
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, MS209, PO Box 500 Batavia, IL 60510, USA
24
Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
25
East Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
26
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
27
California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
28
Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
29
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
30
Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
31
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
32
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
33
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
34
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
35
Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
36
Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
37
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea
38
University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
39
Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
40
Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
41
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
42
Princeton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
43
Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
44
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai 200030, PR China
45
Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
46
Physics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA
47
Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
48
Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Apdo Postal 70-264, Ciudad de México, Mexico
49
Institut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
50
Research Center for Intelligent Computing Platforms, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, PR China
51
Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai 201210, PR China
52
Department of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
53
Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
54
Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
55
INFN Sez. di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
56
Wits Centre for Astrophysics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
57
Department of Physics, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
58
Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
59
ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
60
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
61
JILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
62
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China
63
Las Cumbres Observatory, 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117-5575, USA
64
Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9530, USA
65
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
66
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32-D476, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
67
Google Research, 355 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
68
Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
69
Department of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
70
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
71
NCSA, University of Illinois, 1205 W. Clark St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
72
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, R. do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
73
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, (CA), Italy
74
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
75
INFN, sezione di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
76
CP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
77
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla Pue., Mexico
78
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, México
79
Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, PR China
80
Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, Japan
81
Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
82
Trottier Space Institute at McGill, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, Canada
83
NOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The Netherlands
84
Department of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
85
Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
86
Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
87
The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
88
Department of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
89
, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan
90
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
91
ASTRAVEO LLC, PO Box 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931, USA
92
, 35 Dory Road, Gloucester, MA 01930, USA
93
Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, USA
94
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
95
Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
96
Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering, Academic Support Center, 2665-1 Nakano, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
97
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
98
Physics Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaosiung City, 80424 Taiwan, R.O.C.
99
National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
100
Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong
101
School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
102
Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
103
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
104
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia & Italian ALMA Regional Centre, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
105
Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, R.O.C.
106
Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58089, Mexico
107
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
108
Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20A Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, PR China
109
Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650011 Kunming, PR China
110
Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
111
Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam (GRAPPA) Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
112
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
113
Science Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA/ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
114
School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, PR China
115
Astronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
116
National Institute of Technology, Hachinohe College, 16-1 Uwanotai, Tamonoki, Hachinohe City, Aomori 039-1192, Japan
117
Research Center for Astronomy, Academy of Athens, Soranou Efessiou 4, 115 27 Athens, Greece
118
Department of Physics, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
119
Physics Department, Washington University, CB 1105, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
120
School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
121
Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Kyung Hee University, 1732, Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
122
Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
123
Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada
124
Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St West, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
125
Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
126
Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Voutes, 7110 Heraklion, Greece
127
Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Rd., Taipei, 116 Taiwan, R.O.C.
128
Center of Astronomy and Gravitation, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Sec. 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei, 116 Taiwan, R.O.C.
129
Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
130
Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
131
Gemini Observatory/NSF NOIRLab, 670 N. A’ohōkūPlace, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth-Moufang-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
133
School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
134
Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
135
Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
136
Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
137
Aalto University Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, PL 15500, 00076 Aalto, Finland
138
Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
139
National Biomedical Imaging Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
140
College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
141
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
142
Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Postbus 93138, 2509 AC, Den Haag, The Netherlands
143
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
144
University of New Mexico, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
145
Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
146
Physics Department, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
147
Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
148
Radboud Excellence Fellow of Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, 1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
150
School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
151
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
152
School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
153
Astronomy Department, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
154
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, 567 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Received:
18
October
2023
Accepted:
3
December
2023
Context. 3C 84 is a nearby radio source with a complex total intensity structure, showing linear polarisation and spectral patterns. A detailed investigation of the central engine region necessitates the use of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) above the hitherto available maximum frequency of 86 GHz.
Aims. Using ultrahigh resolution VLBI observations at the currently highest available frequency of 228 GHz, we aim to perform a direct detection of compact structures and understand the physical conditions in the compact region of 3C 84.
Methods. We used Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 228 GHz observations and, given the limited (u, v)-coverage, applied geometric model fitting to the data. Furthermore, we employed quasi-simultaneously observed, ancillary multi-frequency VLBI data for the source in order to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the core structure.
Results. We report the detection of a highly ordered, strong magnetic field around the central, supermassive black hole of 3C 84. The brightness temperature analysis suggests that the system is in equipartition. We also determined a turnover frequency of νm = (113 ± 4) GHz, a corresponding synchrotron self-absorbed magnetic field of BSSA = (2.9 ± 1.6) G, and an equipartition magnetic field of Beq = (5.2 ± 0.6) G. Three components are resolved with the highest fractional polarisation detected for this object (mnet = (17.0 ± 3.9)%). The positions of the components are compatible with those seen in low-frequency VLBI observations since 2017–2018. We report a steeply negative slope of the spectrum at 228 GHz. We used these findings to test existing models of jet formation, propagation, and Faraday rotation in 3C 84.
Conclusions. The findings of our investigation into different flow geometries and black hole spins support an advection-dominated accretion flow in a magnetically arrested state around a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole as a model of the jet-launching system in the core of 3C 84. However, systematic uncertainties due to the limited (u, v)-coverage, however, cannot be ignored. Our upcoming work using new EHT data, which offer full imaging capabilities, will shed more light on the compact region of 3C 84.
Key words: techniques: high angular resolution / techniques: interferometric / galaxies: active / galaxies: individual: NGC 1275 / galaxies: jets
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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