Issue |
A&A
Volume 682, February 2024
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A2 | |
Number of page(s) | 27 | |
Section | Interstellar and circumstellar matter | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202348094 | |
Published online | 26 January 2024 |
Near-infrared observations of outflows and young stellar objects in the massive star-forming region AFGL 5180★
1
Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC,
Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n,
18008
Granada, Spain
2
Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,
Virginia
22904, USA
e-mail: fec5fg@virginia.edu
3
Department of Space, Earth & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology,
412 93
Gothenburg, Sweden
4
Department of Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
800 Dongchuan RD. Minhang District,
Shanghai, PR China
5
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte,
Salita Moiariello 16,
80131
Napoli, Italy
6
Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin,
TX
78712, USA
7
US Naval Observatory,
3450 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC
20392, USA
8
Department of Physics & Astronomy, George Mason University,
4400 University Drive, MS 3F3,
Fairfax, VA
22030, USA
9
Carnegie Observatories,
813 Santa Barbara St,
Pasadena, CA
91101, USA
10
Gemini Observatory, NSFs National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory,
Casilla 603,
La Serena, Chile
11
University College Dublin, School of Physics,
Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
12
National Radio Astronomy Observatory,
1003 Lopezville Road,
Socorro, NM
87801, USA
13
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Meguro, Tokyo
152-8551, Japan
14
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri,
largo E. Fermi 5,
50125
Firenze, Italy
15
ADONI – ADaptive Optics National lab in Italy,
Italy
16
Large Binocular Telescope Observatory,
933 N. Cherry Ave 552,
Tucson, AZ
85721, USA
17
NOIRLab/Gemini Observatory,
950 N Cherry Ave,
Tucson, AZ
85719, USA
Received:
27
September
2023
Accepted:
20
November
2023
Context. Massive stars play important roles throughout the universe; however, their formation remains poorly understood. Observations of jets and outflows in high-mass star-forming regions, as well as surveys of young stellar object (YSO) content, can help test theoretical models of massive star formation.
Aims. We aim at characterizing the massive star-forming region AFGL 5180 in the near-infrared (NIR), identifying outflows and relating these to sub-mm/mm sources, as well as surveying the overall YSO surface number density to compare to massive star formation models.
Methods. Broad- and narrow-band imaging of AFGL 5180 was made in the NIR with the Large Binocular Telescope, in both seeing-limited (~0.5″) and high angular resolution (~0.09″) Adaptive Optics (AO) modes, as well as with the Hubble Space Telescope. Archival continuum data from the Atacama Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) was also utilized.
Results. At least 40 jet knots were identified via NIR emission from H2 and [FeII] tracing shocked gas. Bright jet knots outflowing from the central most massive protostar, S4 (estimated mass ~11 M⊙, via SED fitting), are detected towards the east of the source and are resolved in fine detail with the AO imaging. Additional knots are distributed throughout the field, likely indicating the presence of multiple driving sources. Sub-millimeter sources detected by ALMA are shown to be grouped in two main complexes, AFGL 5180 M and a small cluster ~15″ (0.15 pc in projection) to the south, AFGL 5180 S. From our NIR continuum images we identify YSO candidates down to masses of ~0.1 M⊙. Combined with the sub-mm sources, this yields a surface number density of such YSOs of N* ~ 103pc−2 within a projected radius of about 0.1 pc. Such a value is similar to those predicted by models of both core accretion from a turbulent clump environment and competitive accretion. The radial profile of N* is relatively flat on scales out to 0.2 pc, with only modest enhancement around the massive protostar inside 0.05 pc, which provides additional constraints on these massive star formation models.
Conclusions. This study demonstrates the utility of high-resolution NIR imaging, in particular with AO, for detecting outflow activity and YSOs in distant regions. The presented images reveal the complex morphology of outflow-shocked gas within the large-scale bipolar flow of a massive protostar, as well as clear evidence for several other outflow driving sources in the region. Finally, this work presents a novel approach to compare the observed YSO surface number density from our study against different models of massive star formation.
Key words: techniques: high angular resolution / stars: formation / stars: individual: AFGL 5180 / stars: protostars / ISM: jets and outflows / infrared: stars
The reduced images are available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr (130.79.128.5) or via https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/682/A2
© The Authors 2024
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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