Issue |
A&A
Volume 680, December 2023
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A38 | |
Number of page(s) | 33 | |
Section | Catalogs and data | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347103 | |
Published online | 08 December 2023 |
Gaia Focused Product Release: Spatial distribution of two diffuse interstellar bands
1
Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange,
Bd de l’Observatoire,
CS
34229,
06304
Nice Cedex 4, France
2
Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Nanjing
210023,
PR China
3
Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana,
Jadranska ulica 19,
1000
Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy,
Königstuhl 17,
69117
Heidelberg, Germany
5
Dpto. de Matemática Aplicada y Ciencias de la Computación, Univ. de Cantabria, ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos,
Avda. de los Castros s/n,
39005
Santander, Spain
6
INAF – Osservatorio astronomico di Padova,
Vicolo Osservatorio 5,
35122
Padova, Italy
7
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino,
via Osservatorio 20,
10025
Pino Torinese (TO), Italy
8
CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9, France
9
Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University,
Box 516,
751 20
Uppsala, Sweden
10
IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES,
9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346,
31028
Toulouse Cedex 4, France
11
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University,
Niels Bohrweg 2,
2333
CA
Leiden, The Netherlands
12
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC),
Keplerlaan 1,
2201AZ,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
13
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS,
5 Place Jules Janssen,
92190
Meudon, France
14
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG,
38000
Grenoble, France
15
Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg,
Mönchhofstr. 12-14,
69120
Heidelberg, Germany
16
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS,
B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
33615
Pessac, France
17
Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge,
Madingley Road,
Cambridge
CB3 0HA, UK
18
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva,
Chemin Pegasi 51,
1290
Versoix, Switzerland
19
European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
20
Aurora Technology for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
21
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB),
Martí i Franquès 1,
08028
Barcelona, Spain
22
Departament de Física Quàntica i Astrofísica (FQA), Universitat de Barcelona (UB),
c. Martí i Franquès 1,
08028
Barcelona, Spain
23
Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC),
c. Gran Capità 2–4,
08034
Barcelona, Spain
24
Lohrmann Observatory, Technische Universität Dresden,
Mommsenstraße 13,
01062
Dresden, Germany
25
Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University,
Box 43,
22100
Lund, Sweden
26
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri,
Largo Enrico Fermi 5,
50125
Firenze, Italy
27
Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences,
ul. Bartycka 18,
00-716
Warsaw, Poland
28
Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London,
Holmbury St Mary, Dorking,
Surrey
RH5 6NT,
UK
29
Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva,
Chemin d’Ecogia 16,
1290
Versoix, Switzerland
30
Royal Observatory of Belgium,
Ringlaan 3,
1180
Brussels, Belgium
31
DAPCOM Data Services,
c. dels Vilabella 5–7,
80500
Vic
Barcelona, Spain
32
ALTEC S.p.a.,
Corso Marche 79,
10146
Torino, Italy
33
Sednai Sàrl,
Geneva, Switzerland
34
Gaia DPAC Project Office, ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
35
Telespazio UK S.L. for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
36
SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, LNE,
61 avenue de l’Observatoire,
75014
Paris, France
37
IMCCE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Lille,
77 av. Denfert-Rochereau,
75014
Paris, France
38
Serco Gestión de Negocios for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
39
INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna,
via Piero Gobetti 93/3,
40129
Bologna, Italy
40
Institut d’Astrophysique et de Géophysique, Université de Liège,
19c Allée du 6 Août,
4000
Liège, Belgium
41
CRAAG – Centre de Recherche en Astronomie, Astrophysique et Géophysique, Route de l’Observatoire, Bp 63,
Bouzareah, Algiers
16340
Algeria
42
Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory,
Blackford Hill,
Edinburgh
EH9 3HJ,
UK
43
RHEA for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
44
CIGUS CITIC – Department of Computer Science and Information Technologies, University of A Coruña,
Campus de Elviña s/n,
A Coruña,
15071,
Spain
45
ATG Europe for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
46
Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Institute of Astronomy,
Madingley Road,
Cambridge
CB3 0HA,
UK
47
Department of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,
Panepistimiopolis, Zografos,
15783
Athens, Greece
48
Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences, University of California,
Irvine,
CA
92697,
USA
49
CENTRA, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,
Edif. C8, Campo Grande,
1749-016
Lisboa, Portugal
50
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania,
via S. Sofia 78,
95123
Catania, Italy
51
Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Ettore Majorana”, Università di Catania,
Via S. Sofia 64,
95123
Catania, Italy
52
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550,
11 rue de l’Université,
67000
Strasbourg, France
53
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma,
Via Frascati 33,
00078
Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
54
Space Science Data Center – ASI,
Via del Politecnico SNC,
00133
Roma, Italy
55
Department of Physics, University of Helsinki,
PO Box 64,
00014
Finland, Helsinki
56
Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI,
Vuorimiehentie 5,
02150
Espoo, Finland
57
Institut UTINAM CNRS UMR6213, Université de Franche-Comté, OSU THETA Franche-Comté Bourgogne, Observatoire de Besançon, BP1615,
25010
Besançon Cedex, France
58
HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA),
Keplerlaan 1,
2201AZ,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
59
Dpto. de Inteligencia Artificial, UNED,
c/ Juan del Rosal 16,
28040
Madrid, Spain
60
Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe,
1050
Brussels, Belgium
61
Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP),
An der Sternwarte 16,
14482
Potsdam, Germany
62
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), MTA Centre of Excellence,
Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15–17,
1121
Hungary, Budapest
63
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Physics,
1117, Pázmány Péter sétány 1A,
Budapest, Hungary
64
Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D,
3001
Leuven, Belgium
65
Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University,
PO Box 9010,
6500
GL
Nijmegen, The Netherlands
66
University of Vienna, Department of Astrophysics,
Türkenschanzs-traße 17,
A1180
Vienna, Austria
67
Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny,
1290
Versoix, Switzerland
68
Quasar Science Resources for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
69
LASIGE, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa,
Edif. C6, Campo Grande,
1749-016
Lisboa, Portugal
70
School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Leicester,
University Road,
Leicester
LE1 7RH,
UK
71
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv
6997801,
Israel
72
Cavendish Laboratory,
JJ Thomson Avenue,
Cambridge
CB3 0HE,
UK
73
Telespazio for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9, France
74
National Observatory of Athens,
I. Metaxa and Vas. Pavlou, Palaia Penteli,
15236
Athens, Greece
75
University of Turin, Department of Physics,
Via Pietro Giuria 1,
10125
Torino, Italy
76
Depto. Estadística e Investigación Operativa. Universidad de Cádiz,
Avda. República Saharaui s/n,
11510
Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
77
EURIX S.r.l.,
Corso Vittorio Emanuele II 61,
10128
Torino, Italy
78
Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv
6997801
Israel
79
ATOS for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9, France
80
HE Space Operations BV for European Space Agency (ESA), Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo,
Villanueva de la Cañada,
28692
Madrid, Spain
81
LFCA/DAS, Universidad de Chile, CNRS,
Casilla 36-D,
Santiago, Chile
82
SISSA – Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati,
via Bonomea 265,
34136
Trieste, Italy
83
University of Turin, Department of Computer Sciences,
Corso Svizzera 185,
10149
Torino, Italy
84
Thales Services for CNES Centre Spatial de Toulouse,
18 avenue Edouard Belin,
31401
Toulouse Cedex 9, France
85
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology,
Campus UAB,
08193
Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
86
Port d’Informació Científica (PIC),
Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n,
08193
Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
87
Instituto de Astrofísica, Universidad Andres Bello,
Fernandez Concha 700, Las Condes,
Santiago RM, Chile
88
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire,
College Lane,
AL10 9AB
Hatfield, UK
89
University of Turin, Mathematical Department “G. Peano”,
Via Carlo Alberto 10,
10123
Torino, Italy
90
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico d’Abruzzo,
Via Mentore Maggini,
64100
Teramo, Italy
91
Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, Cidade Universitaria,
05508-900
São Paulo,
SP,
Brazil
92
Mésocentre de calcul de Franche-Comté, Université de Franche-Comté,
16 route de Gray,
25030
Besançon Cedex, France
93
Ruđer Bošković Institute,
Bijenička cesta 54,
10000
Zagreb, Croatia
94
Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast,
Belfast
BT7 1NN, UK
95
Data Science and Big Data Lab, Pablo de Olavide University,
41013,
Seville, Spain
96
Institute of Astrophysics, FORTH,
Crete, Greece
97
Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC),
Plaça Eusebi Güell 1-3,
08034
Barcelona, Spain
98
ETSE Telecomunicación, Universidade de Vigo,
Campus Lagoas-Marcosende,
36310
Vigo, Galicia, Spain
99
F.R.S.-FNRS,
Rue d’Egmont 5,
1000
Brussels, Belgium
100
Asteroid Engineering Laboratory, Luleå University of Technology,
Box 848,
981 28
Kiruna, Sweden
101
Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen,
Landleven 12,
9747 AD
Groningen, The Netherlands
102
IAC – Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias,
Via Láctea s/n,
38200
La Laguna S.C.,
Tenerife, Spain
103
Department of Astrophysics, University of La Laguna,
Via Láctea s/n,
38200
La Laguna S.C.,
Tenerife, Spain
104
Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw,
Al. Ujazdowskie 4,
00-478
Warszawa, Poland
105
Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University,
Cotter Road,
Weston,
ACT 2611, Australia
106
European Space Agency (ESA, retired), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC),
Keplerlaan 1,
2201AZ,
Noordwijk, The Netherlands
107
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris,
5 Place Jules Janssen,
92190
Meudon, France
108
Université Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251,
35000
Rennes, France
109
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte,
Via Moiariello 16,
80131
Napoli, Italy
110
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
80 Nandan Road,
Shanghai
200030, PR China
111
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,
No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District,
Beijing
100049,
PR China
112
São Paulo State University, Grupo de Dinâmica Orbital e Planetologia,
CEP 12516-410
Guaratinguetá,
SP,
Brazil
113
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen,
Juliane Maries Vej 30,
2100
Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
114
DXC Technology,
Retortvej 8,
2500
Valby, Denmark
115
Las Cumbres Observatory,
6740 Cortona Drive Suite 102,
Goleta,
CA,
93117,
USA
116
CIGUS CITIC, Department of Nautical Sciences and Marine Engineering, University of A Coruña,
Paseo de Ronda 51,
15071
A Coruña, Spain
117
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University,
146 Brownlow Hill,
Liverpool
L3 5RF,
UK
118
MTA CSFK Lendület Near-Field Cosmology Research Group, Konkoly Observatory, MTA Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences,
Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15–17,
1121
Budapest, Hungary
119
Pervasive Technologies s.l.,
c. Saragossa 118,
08006
Barcelona, Spain
120
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester,
University Road,
Leicester
LE1 7RH, UK
121
Villanova University, Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Science,
800 E Lancaster Avenue,
Villanova
PA
19085,
USA
122
Departmento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
28040
Madrid, Spain
123
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera,
via E. Bianchi 46,
23807
Merate
(LC),
Italy
124
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,
2-21-1 Osawa,
Mitaka,
Tokyo
181-8588,
Japan
125
Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot
7610001,
Israel
126
Centre de Données Astronomique de Strasbourg,
Strasbourg, France
127
University of Exeter, School of Physics and Astronomy,
Stocker Road,
Exeter,
EX2 7SJ, UK
128
Departamento de Astrofísica, Centro de Astrobiología (CSICINTA), ESA-ESAC, Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n,
28692
Villanueva de la Cañada,
Madrid, Spain
129
naXys, Department of Mathematics, University of Namur,
Rue de Bruxelles 61,
5000
Namur, Belgium
130
INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste,
via G.B. Tiepolo 11,
34131,
Trieste, Italy
131
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,
60 Garden St., MS 15,
Cambridge,
MA
02138,
USA
132
H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol,
Tyndall Avenue,
Bristol
BS8 1TL,
UK
133
Escuela de Arquitectura y Politécnica – Universidad Europea de Valencia,
Spain
134
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología – Universidad Internacional de la Rioja,
Spain
135
Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padova,
Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3,
35122
Padova, Italy
136
Applied Physics Department, Universidade de Vigo,
36310
Vigo, Spain
137
Instituto de Física e Ciencias Aeroespaciais (IFCAE), Universidade de Vigo,
Á Campus de As Lagoas,
32004
Ourense, Spain
138
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris,
98bis bd. Arago,
75014
Paris, France
139
Institute of Mathematics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL),
Switzerland
Received:
6
June
2023
Accepted:
5
September
2023
Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in optical and infrared spectra of stars and extragalactic objects that are probably caused by large and complex molecules in the galactic interstellar medium (ISM). Here we investigate the Galactic distribution and properties of two DIBs identified in almost six million stellar spectra collected by the Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer. These measurements constitute a part of the Gaia Focused Product Release to be made public between the Gaia DR3 and DR4 data releases. In order to isolate the DIB signal from the stellar features in each individual spectrum, we identified a set of 160 000 spectra at high Galactic latitudes (|b| ⩾ 65°) covering a range of stellar parameters which we consider to be the DIB-free reference sample. Matching each target spectrum to its closest reference spectra in stellar parameter space allowed us to remove the stellar spectrum empirically, without reference to stellar models, leaving a set of six million ISM spectra. Using the star’s parallax and sky coordinates, we then allocated each ISM spectrum to a voxel (VOlume piXEL) on a contiguous three-dimensional grid with an angular size of 1.8° (level 5 HEALPix) and 29 unequally sized distance bins. Identifying the two DIBs at 862.1 nm (λ862.1) and 864.8 nm (λ864.8) in the stacked spectra, we modelled their shapes and report the depth, central wavelength, width, and equivalent width (EW) for each, along with confidence bounds on these measurements. We then explored the properties and distributions of these quantities and compared them with similar measurements from other surveys. Our main results are as follows: (1) the strength and spatial distribution of the DIB λ862.1 are very consistent with what was found in Gaia DR3, but for this work we attained a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the stacked spectra to larger distances, which allowed us to trace DIBs in the outer spiral arm and beyond the Scutum–Centaurus spiral arm; (2) we produced an all-sky map below ±65° of Galactic latitude to ~4000 pc of both DIB features and their correlations; (3) we detected the signals of DIB λ862.1 inside the Local Bubble (≲200 pc); and (4) there is a reasonable correlation with the dust reddening found from stellar absorption and EWs of both DIBs with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 for λ862.1 and 0.77 for λ864.8.
Key words: ISM: lines and bands / dust, extinction
© The Authors 2023
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This article is published in open access under the Subscribe to Open model. Subscribe to A&A to support open access publication.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.