Uncertainties of the 30–408 MHz Galactic emission as a calibration source for radio detectors in astroparticle physics

¹ Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
e-mail: max.buesken@kit.edu
² Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Av. General Paz 1555 (B1630KNA), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
³ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
e-mail: t.fodran@science.ru.nl
⁴ Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
e-mail: tim.huege@kit.edu
⁵ Astrophysical Institute, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Received: 5 November 2022
Accepted: 14 September 2023

Abstract

Context. Arrays of radio antennas have proven to be successful in astroparticle physics with the observation of extensive air showers initiated by high-energy cosmic rays in the Earth’s atmosphere. Accurate determination of the energy scale of the primary particles’ energies requires an absolute calibration of the radio antennas for which, in recent years, the utilization of the Galactic emission as a reference source has emerged as a potential standard.

Aims. To apply the “Galactic calibration” a proper estimation of the systematic uncertainties on the prediction of the Galactic emission from sky models is necessary, which we aim to quantify on a global level and for the specific cases of selected radio arrays. We further aim to determine the influence of additional natural radio sources on the Galactic calibration.

Methods. We compared seven different sky models that predict the full-sky Galactic emission in the frequency range from 30 to 408 MHz. We made an inventory of the reference maps on which they rely and used the output of the models to determine their global level of agreement. We subsequently took typical sky exposures and the frequency bands of selected radio arrays into account and repeated the comparison for each of them. Finally, we studied and discuss the relative influence of the quiet Sun, the ionosphere, and Jupiter.

Results. We find a systematic uncertainty of 14.3% on the predicted power from the Galactic emission, which scales to approximately half of that value as the uncertainty on the determination of the energy of cosmic particles. When looking at the selected radio arrays, the uncertainty on the predicted power varies between 11.7% and 21.5%. The influence of the quiet Sun turns out to be insignificant at the lowest frequencies but increases to a relative contribution of ~30% around 400 MHz.