Cometary dust collected by MIDAS on board Rosetta

II. Particle shape descriptors and pristineness evaluation^★,★★

¹ Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
² Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
e-mail: minjae.k.kim@warwick.ac.uk
³ Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
⁴ IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, UPS, 9 avenue Colonel Roche, 31400 Toulouse, France
⁵ Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
⁶ European Space Astronomy Centre, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁷ Scientific Support Office, Directorate of Science, European Space Research and Technology Centre, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Received: 13 June 2023
Accepted: 10 August 2023

Abstract

Context. The MIDAS (Micro-Imaging Dust Analysis System) atomic force microscope on board the Rosetta comet orbiter investigated and measured the 3D topography of a few hundred of nm to tens of μm sized dust particles of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with resolutions down to a few nanometers, giving insights into the physical processes of our early Solar System.

Aims. We analyze the shapes of the cometary dust particles collected by MIDAS on the basis of a recently updated particle catalog with the aim to determine which structural properties remained pristine.

Methods. We develop a set of shape descriptors and metrics such as aspect ratio, elongation, circularity, convexity, and particle surface and volume distribution, which can be used to describe the distribution of particle shapes. Furthermore, we compare the structure of the MIDAS dust particles and the clusters in which the particles were deposited to those found in previous laboratory experiments and by Rosetta/COSIMA. Finally, we combine our findings to calculate a pristineness score for MIDAS particles and determine the most pristine particles and their properties.

Results. We find that the morphological properties of all cometary dust particles at the micrometer scale are surprisingly homogeneous despite originating from diverse cometary environments (e.g., different collection targets that are associated with cometary activities/source regions and collection velocities/periods). There is only a weak trend between shape descriptors and particle characteristics such as size, collection targets, and cluster morphology. We next find that the types of clusters found by MIDAS show good agreement with those defined by previous laboratory experiments, however, there are some differences to those found by Rosetta/COSIMA. Furthermore, our pristineness score shows that almost half of MIDAS particles suffered severe alteration by impact, which indicates structural modification by impact (e.g., flattening and/or fragmentation) is inevitable despite the very low collection speeds (i.e., ~3–7 m s⁻¹). Based on our result, we rate 19 out of 1082 MIDAS particles at least moderately pristine that is they are not substantially flattened by impact, not fragmented, and/or not part of a fragmentation cluster.