Issue |
A&A
Volume 676, August 2023
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A24 | |
Number of page(s) | 56 | |
Section | Catalogs and data | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202346458 | |
Published online | 01 August 2023 |
VICTORIA project: The LOFAR HBA Virgo Cluster Survey★
1
Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg,
Gojenbergsweg 112,
21029
Hamburg, Germany
e-mail: henrik.edler@hs.uni-hamburg.de
2
INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia,
via P. Gobetti 101,
Bologna, Italy
3
Leiden Observatory, Leiden University,
PO Box 9513,
2300 RA
Leiden, The Netherlands
4
ASTRON, Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy,
Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4,
7991 PD
Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
5
Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire,
College Lane,
Hatfield
AL10 9AB, UK
6
Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM,
13388
Marseille Cedex 13, France
7
Argelander-Institut für Astronomie (AIfA), Universität Bonn,
Auf dem Hügel 71,
53121
Bonn, Germany
8
Ruhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute (AIRUB),
Universitätsstrasse 150,
44801
Bochum, Germany
9
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics,
Giessenbachstrasse 1,
85748
Garching, Germany
10
Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University,
ul. Orla 171,
30-244
Kraków, Poland
11
INAF - Astronomical Observatory of Padova,
vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5,
35122
Padova, Italy
Received:
20
March
2023
Accepted:
2
June
2023
Context. The Virgo cluster is the nearest (d = 16.5 Mpc) massive (M ≥ 1014 M⊙) galaxy cluster and is therefore a prime target for studying astrophysical processes in dense large-scale environments. In the radio band, we can probe the nonthermal components of the interstellar medium, the intracluster medium (ICM), and of active galactic nuclei (AGN). This allows an investigation of the impact of the environment on the evolution of galaxies and the contribution of AGN to ICM heating. With the ViCTORIA (VIrgo Cluster multi-Telescope Observations in Radio of Interacting galaxies and AGN) project, we are carrying out multiple wide-field surveys of the Virgo cluster at different frequencies.
Aims. We aim to investigate the impact of the environment on the evolution of galaxies and the contribution of AGN to ICM heating – from the inner cluster regions out to beyond the virial radius.
Methods. We performed a survey of the cluster at 120–168 MHz using the LOw-Frequency ARray (LOFAR). We imaged a 132 deg2 region of the cluster, reaching an order-of-magnitude greater sensitivity than existing wide-field radio surveys of this field at three times higher spatial resolution compared to other low-frequency observations. We developed a tailored data processing strategy to subtract the bright central radio galaxy M 87 from the data. This allowed us to correct for systematic effects due to ionospheric variation as a function of time and direction.
Results. In the final mosaic, which has a resolution of 9″ × 5″, we reach a median noise level of 140 μJy beam−1 inside the virial radius and 280 μJy beam−1 for the full area. We detect 112 Virgo member galaxies and 114 background galaxies. In at least 18 cases, the radio morphology of the cluster member galaxies shows clear signs of ram-pressure stripping. This includes three previously unreported candidates. In addition, we reveal previously undiscovered tails of 150 kpc in length from a previous epoch of AGN activity for NGC 4472 (M 49). While no cluster-scale diffuse radio sources are discovered, we find the presence of an extended radio signature of the W′ group. This feature is coincident with an X-ray filament detected with SRG/eROSITA in the outskirts of the cluster. We speculate that this emission is synchrotron radiation, which could be related to shocks or turbulence from accretion processes.
Conclusions. The data published in this paper serve as a valuable resource for future studies. In the follow-up work of the ViCTORIA project, we will use these data for an analysis of environmental effects on the radio properties of star-forming galaxies in Virgo.
Key words: galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo Cluster / radio continuum: general / surveys / catalogs
Full Tables 3 and 4 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr (130.79.128.5) or via https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/676/A24
© The Authors 2023
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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