The Gaia-ESO Survey: Homogenisation of stellar parameters and elemental abundances^★

¹ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
e-mail: aph@ast.cam.ac.uk
² GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
³ School of Physical and Chemical Sciences- Te Kura Matū, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
⁴ INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi, 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
e-mail: laura.magrini@inaf.it
⁵ School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
⁶ Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
⁷ Observational Astrophysics, Division of Astronomy and Space Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
⁸ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁹ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁰ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland
¹¹ ROB – Royal Observatory of Belgium, Ringlaan 3, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
¹² INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via P. Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
¹³ Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 226, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
¹⁴ Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden
¹⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy
¹⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Asronomico di Palermo, Piazza del Parlamento, 1 90134 Palermo, Italy
¹⁷ Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
¹⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁹ Niels Bohr International Academy, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
²⁰ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France
²¹ Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica & IPARCOSUCM (Instituto de Física de Particulas y del Cosmos de la UCM), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
²² Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden
²³ Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
²⁴ Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Departamento de Astrofísica, campus ESAC. Camino bajo del castillo s/n, 28 692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
²⁵ Department of Chemistry and Physics, Saint Mary’s College, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
²⁶ Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
²⁷ Observatório Nacional – MCTI (ON), Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, São Cristóvão, 20921-400, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
²⁸ Space Sciences, Technologies, and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Quartier Agora, Bât B5c, Allée du 6 août, 19c, 4000 Liège, Belgium
²⁹ Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
³⁰ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, v. dell’Osservatorio 2, 35122 Padova, Italy
³² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
³³ Nucleo Milenio ERIS & Instituto de Estudios Astrofisicos, Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 441, Santiago, Chile
³⁴ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122, Padova, Italy
³⁵ Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

Received: 13 January 2023
Accepted: 19 April 2023

Abstract

The Gaia-ESO Survey is a public spectroscopic survey that targeted ≳10⁵ stars covering all major components of the Milky Way from the end of 2011 to 2018, delivering its final public release in May 2022. Unlike other spectroscopic surveys, Gaia-ESO is the only survey that observed stars across all spectral types with dedicated, specialised analyses: from O (T_eff ~ 30 000–52 000 K) all the way to K-M (≳3500 K). The physics throughout these stellar regimes varies significantly, which has previously prohibited any detailed comparisons between stars of significantly different types. In the final data release (internal data release 6) of the Gaia-ESO Survey, we provide the final database containing a large number of products, such as radial velocities, stellar parameters and elemental abundances, rotational velocity, and also, for example, activity and accretion indicators in young stars and membership probability in star clusters for more than 114 000 stars. The spectral analysis is coordinated by a number of working groups (WGs) within the survey, each specialised in one or more of the various stellar samples. Common targets are analysed across WGs to allow for comparisons (and calibrations) amongst instrumental setups and spectral types. Here we describe the procedures employed to ensure all survey results are placed on a common scale in order to arrive at a single set of recommended results for use by all survey collaborators. We also present some general quality and consistency checks performed on the entirety of the survey results.