An H I story of galaxies in Abell 2626 and beyond

¹ Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
e-mail: tirna1106@gmail.com
² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa

Received: 7 September 2022
Accepted: 23 May 2023

Abstract

Context. To study the effects of environment on galaxies, we use H I observations of galaxies in and around the cluster Abell 2626 (A2626). The cluster can effectively be divided into three different environments: the cluster itself, a group environment in the periphery of the cluster (we call it the Swarm), and substructure in the cluster itself. We use these to study the dependence of the galaxy properties on environment.

Aims. We have explored the relation between H I deficiency, H I morphology, and star formation deficiency for the galaxies in and around the A2626 galaxy cluster to investigate the environmental effects on these properties.

Methods. To quantify the asymmetries of the outer H I disc of a galaxy, we used 1) three visual classes based on the outermost reliable H I contour (settled, disturbed, and unsettled H I discs), 2) the offset between the H I centre and the optical centre of a galaxy, and 3) the modified asymmetry parameter A_mod as defined previously.

Results. The H I deficiency of a galaxy is strongly correlated with the projected distance from the centre of A2626. Furthermore, substructure galaxies tend to be more asymmetric than the isolated galaxies in A2626, probably because tidal interactions are more efficient within the substructures than outside the substructures. Moreover, asymmetric, offset, and smaller H I discs are not necessarily the result of the cluster environment because they are also observed in substructures in A2626 and in the Swarm. This signifies that a pre-processing of the H I discs of galaxies in groups or substructures plays an important role, together with the processing in the cluster environment. Finally, the star formation rates for the galaxies in all three environments are slightly lower than the typical star formation rate for normal galaxies, as manifested by their offset from the star formation main sequence. This implies effective gas removal mechanisms in all three environments.