The impact of environmental effects on active galactic nuclei: A decline in the incidence of ionized outflows

¹ Centro de Astrobiología, (CAB, CSIC–INTA), Dpto. Astrofísica, Ctra. de Ajalvir Km. 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain
e-mail: brodriguez@cab.inta-csic.es
² Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
³ Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía. CSIC, Apartado de correos 3004, 18080 Granada, Spain

Received: 1 February 2023
Accepted: 1 April 2023

Abstract

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have generally been considered to be less frequent in denser environments due to a lower number of galaxy-galaxy interactions and/or the removal of their gas-rich reservoirs by the dense intergalactic medium. However, recent observational and theoretical works suggest that the effect of ram-pressure stripping acting on galaxies in dense environments might reduce the angular momentum of their gas, causing it to infall towards the super massive black hole at their centre, activating the AGN phase. In this work we explore the connection between environment and nuclear activity by evaluating the variation in the incidence of ionized outflows, a common phenomenon associated with nuclear activity, in AGNs across different environments. We select a sample of approximately 3300 optical AGNs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 13, which we match with a group catalogue to identify galaxies in isolation or residing in groups. We further probe their environments through the projected distance to the central galaxy of the group or cluster and the projected surface density to the fifth neighbour (δ₅). The presence of ionized outflows is determined through the modelling of the [O III] λ5007 emission line. We find that at lower masses (< 10^10.3 M_⊙), the fraction of ionized outflows is significantly lower in satellite AGNs (∼7%) than in isolated (∼22%) AGNs, probably due to their different AGN luminosity, L_[O III], in this stellar mass range. The fraction of outflows decreases at distances closer to the central galaxy of the group or cluster for all satellite AGNs; however, only the lower-mass ones (10⁹ − 10^10.3 M_⊙) display a significant decline with δ₅. Although this study does not include AGNs in the densest regions of galaxy clusters, our findings suggest that AGNs in dense environments accrete less gas than those in the field, potentially due to the removal of the gas reservoirs via stripping or starvation, leading to a negative connection between environment and AGN activity. Based on our results, we propose that the observed change in the incidence of outflows when moving towards denser regions of groups and clusters could contribute to the higher gas metallicities of cluster galaxies compared to field galaxies, especially at lower masses.