Near-IR and optical radial velocities of the active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) with SPIRou at CFHT and SOPHIE at OHP

A 2.23 day rotation period and no evidence for a corotating planet^★

¹ Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
e-mail: andres.carmona@univ-grenoble-alpes.fr
² Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 14 avenue E. Belin, Toulouse, 31400, France
³ Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, Institut Origines, LAM, Marseille, France
⁴ Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Département de Physique, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
⁵ Observatoire du Mont-Mégantic, Université de Montréal, Département de Physique, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
⁶ Laboratorio Nacional de Astrofisica, Rua Estados Unidos 154, 37504-364, Itajubâ, MG, Brazil
⁷ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸ Université de Montpellier, CNRS, LUPM, 34095 Montpellier, France
⁹ Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51b, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
¹⁰ International Center for Advanced Studies and ICIFI (CONICET), ECyT-UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
¹¹ Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) Corporation, UAR2208 CNRS-INSU, 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela 96743 HI USA
¹² Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³ Science Division, ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Received: 9 December 2022
Accepted: 27 March 2023

Abstract

Context. The search for extrasolar planets around the nearest M dwarfs is a crucial step toward identifying the nearest Earth-like planets. One of the main challenges in this search is that M dwarfs can be magnetically active and stellar activity can produce radial velocity (RV) signals that could mimic those of a planet.

Aims. We aim to investigate whether the 2.2-day period observed in optical RVs of the nearby active M dwarf star Gl 388 (AD Leo) is due to stellar activity or to a planet that corotates with the star as suggested in the past.

Methods. We obtained quasi-simultaneous RVs of Gl 388 from 2019 to 2021 with SOPHIE, the optical échelle spectrograph (R ~75k) at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France, and RV and Stokes V measurements with SPIRou, the near-infrared spectropolarimeter at the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (R ~70k).

Results. The SOPHIE RV time series (precision of 3–5 m s⁻¹ per visit) displays a periodic signal with a 2.23 ± 0.01 day period and 23.6 ± 0.5 m s⁻¹ amplitude, which is consistent with previous HARPS observations obtained in 2005–2006. The SPIRou RV time series (precision of 2 ms⁻¹ per visit) is flat at 5 ms⁻¹ rms and displays no periodic signals. RV signals of amplitude higher than 5.3 m s⁻¹ at a period of 2.23 days can be excluded with a confidence level higher than 99%. Using the modulation of the longitudinal magnetic field (B_ℓ) measured with SPIRou as a proxy of stellar rotation, we measure a rotation period of 2.2305 ± 0.0016 days.

Conclusions. SPIRou RV measurements provide solid evidence that the periodic variability of the optical RVs of Gl 388 is due to stellar activity rather than to a corotating planet. The magnetic activity nature of the optical RV signal is further confirmed by the modulation of B_ℓ with the same period. The SPIRou campaign on Gl 388 demonstrates the power of near-infrared RV to confirm or infirm planet candidates discovered in the optical around active stars. Our SPIRou observations additionally reiterate how effective spectropolarimetry is at determining the stellar rotation period from the variations of B_ℓ.