Quasi-periodic oscillations in the γ-ray light curves of bright active galactic nuclei

¹ Universitat de Barcelona, ICCUB, IEEC-UB, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
² Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, PO Box 103980 69029 Heidelberg, Germany
e-mail: helena.ren@mpi-hd.mpg.de
³ Université Paris-Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France
e-mail: cerruti@apc.in2p3.fr
⁴ ICRANet-Armenia, at NAS RA, 0019 Yerevan, Armenia
e-mail: narek@icra.it

Received: 16 August 2022
Accepted: 2 December 2022

Abstract

Context. The detection of quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in the light curves of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can provide insights into the physics of the super-massive black holes (SMBHs) powering these systems and could represent a signature of the existence of SMBH binaries, setting fundamental constraints on SMBH evolution in the Universe.

Aims. The identification of long-term QPOs, characterized by periods on the order of several months to years, is particularly challenging and can only be achieved via all-sky monitoring instruments that provide unbiased, continuous light curves of astrophysical objects. The Fermi-LAT satellite, thanks to its monitoring observing strategy, is an ideal instrument for such a goal. Here, we aim to identify QPOs in the γ-ray light curves of the brightest AGNs within the Fermi-LAT catalog.

Methods. We analyzed the light curves of the 35 brightest Fermi-LAT AGNs, including data from the beginning of the Fermi mission (August 2008) to April 2021, with energies from 100 MeV to 300 GeV. Two time binnings were investigated: 7 and 30 days. The search for quasi-periodic features was then performed using the continuous wavelet transform. The significance of the result was tested via Monte Carlo simulations of artificial light curves with the same power spectral density and probability distribution function as the original light curves. The significances were then corrected for the look-elsewhere effect and provided as post-trials.

Results. We identified 24 quasars with candidate QPOs. Several of our candidates coincide with previous claims in the literature, namely: PKS 0537−441, S5 0716+714, Mrk 421, B2 1520+31, and PKS 2247−131. All our candidates are transient. The most significant multi-year QPO, with a period of about 1100 days, was observed in the quasar S5 1044+71. It is reported here for the first time.