Exploring extreme conditions for star formation: A deep search for molecular gas in the Leo ring

¹ INAF-Osservatorio di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy
e-mail: edvige.corbelli@inaf.it
² Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21210 USA

Received: 9 September 2022
Accepted: 6 December 2022

Abstract

Aims. We carried out sensitive searches for the ¹²CO J = 1–0 and J = 2–1 lines in the giant extragalactic HI ring in Leo to investigate the star formation process within environments where gas metallicities are close to solar, but physical conditions are different than those typical of bright galaxy disks. Our aim is to check the range of validity of known scaling relations.

Methods. We used the IRAM-30 m telescope to observe 11 regions close to HI gas peaks or where sparse young massive stars have been found. For all pointed observations we reached spectral noise between 1 and 5 mK for at least one of the observed frequencies at 2 km s⁻¹ spectral resolution.

Results. We marginally detect two ¹²CO J = 1–0 lines in the star-forming region Clump 1 of the Leo ring, whose radial velocities are consistent with those of Hα lines, but whose line widths are much smaller than observed for virialized molecular clouds of similar mass in galaxies. The low signal-to-noise ratio, the small line widths, and the extremely low number densities inferred by virialized cloud models suggest that a more standard population of molecular clouds, still undetected, might be in place. Using upper limits to the CO lines, the most sensitive pointed observations show that the molecular gas mass surface density is lower than expected from the extrapolation of the molecular Kennicutt–Schmidt relation established in the disk of galaxies. The sparse stellar population in the ring, possibly forming ultra diffuse dwarf galaxies, might then be the result of a short molecular gas depletion time in this extreme environment.