The nebula around the binary post-AGB star 89 Herculis^⋆,⋆⋆

¹ Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN-IGN), Alfonso XII 3, 28014 Madrid, Spain
e-mail: i.gallardocava@oan.es
² Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN-IGN), Apartado 112, 28803 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
³ Centro de Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Observatorio de Yebes (IGN), 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain
⁴ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France

Received: 5 July 2022
Accepted: 5 January 2023

Abstract

Context. There is a class of binary post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) stars that exhibit remarkable near-infrared (NIR) excess. These stars are surrounded by disks with Keplerian or quasi-Keplerian dynamics and outflows composed of gas escaping from the rotating disk. Depending on the dominance of these components, there are two subclasses of binary post-AGB stars: disk-dominated and outflow-dominated.

Aims. We aim to properly study the hourglass-like structure that surrounds the Keplerian disk around 89 Her.

Methods. We present total-power on-the-fly maps of ¹²CO and ¹³CO J = 2 − 1 emission lines in 89 Her. Previous studies are known to suffer from flux losses in the most extended components. We merge these total-power maps with previous NOEMA maps. The resulting combined maps are expected to detect the whole nebula extent of the source.

Results. Our new combined maps contain the entirety of the detectable flux of the source and at the same time are of high spatial resolution thanks to the interferometric observations. We find that the hourglass-like extended outflow around the rotating disk is larger and more massive than suggested by previous works. The total nebular mass of this very extended nebula is 1.8 × 10⁻² M_⊙, of which ∼65% comes from the outflow. The observational data and model results lead us to classify the envelope around 89 Her as an outflow-dominated nebula, together with R Sct and IRAS 19125+0343 (and very probably AI CMi, IRAS 20056+1834, and IRAS 18123+0511). The updated statistics on the masses of the two post-AGB main components reveal that there are two distinct subclasses of nebulae around binary post-AGB stars depending on which component is the dominant one. We speculate that the absence of an intermediate subclass of sources is due to the different initial conditions of the stellar system and not because both subclasses are in different stages of the post-AGB evolution.