Solar flare hard X-rays from the anchor points of an eruptive filament

¹ ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
e-mail: muriel.stiefel@gmail.com
² University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Bahnhofstrasse 6, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
³ PMOD/WRC, Dorfstrasse 33, 7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
⁴ MIDA, Dipartimento di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 35, 16146 Genova, Italy
⁵ Department of Physics & Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
⁶ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, 94720 Berkeley, USA

Received: 23 September 2022
Accepted: 18 November 2022

Abstract

Context. We present an analysis of a GOES M1.8 flare with excellent observational coverage in UV, extreme-UV (EUV), and X-ray, including observations from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA), from the Hinode/EUV Imaging Spectrometer (EIS), from the Hinode/X-ray Telescope (XRT), and from Solar Orbiter with the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX). Hard X-ray emission is often observed at the footpoints of flare loops and is occasionally observed in the corona. In this flare, four nonthermal hard X-ray sources are seen.

Aims. Our aim is to understand why we can observe four individual nonthermal sources in this flare and how we can characterize the physical properties of these four sources.

Methods. We used the multiwavelength approach to analyze the flare and characterize the four sources. To do this, we combined imaging at different wavelengths and spectroscopic fitting in the EUV and X-ray range.

Results. The flare is eruptive with an associated coronal mass ejection, and it shows the classical flare picture of a heated flare loop seen in EUV and X-rays, and two nonthermal hard X-ray footpoints at the loop ends. In addition to the main flare sources, we observed two outer sources in the UV, EUV, and nonthermal X-ray range located away from the main flare loop to the east and west. The two outer sources are clearly correlated in time, and they are only seen during the first two minutes of the impulsive phase, which lasts a total of about four minutes.

Conclusions. Based on the analysis, we determine that the outer sources are the anchor points of an erupting filament. The hard X-ray emission is interpreted as flare-accelerated electrons that are injected upward into the filament and then precipitate along the filament toward the chromosphere, producing Bremsstrahlung. While sources like this have been speculated to exist, this is the first report of their detection.