Linking the dust and chemical evolution: Taurus and Perseus

New collisional rates for HCN, HNC, and their C, N, and H isotopologues

¹ Département d’Astrophysique (DAp), Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Orme des Merisiers, Bât. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, Paris-Saclay, France
e-mail: david.navarroalmaida@cea.fr
² Univ. Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) – UMR 6251, 35000 Rennes, France
³ Observatorio Astronómico Nacional (OAN), Alfonso XII, 3, 28014 Madrid, Spain
⁴ Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 Rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
⁵ Center for Astrophysics, Harvard and Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02143, USA
⁶ Centre for Astrochemical Studies, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁷ Jeremiah Horrocks Institute, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
⁸ Sorbonne Universités, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS, LERMA, 5 Place Janssen, 92190 Meudon Cedex, France
⁹ European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
¹¹ NRAO, 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
¹² Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904–4325, USA
¹³ Department of Physics, McGill University, 3600 University Street Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada

Received: 16 September 2022
Accepted: 2 December 2022

Abstract

Context. HCN, HNC, and their isotopologues are ubiquitous molecules that can serve as chemical thermometers and evolutionary tracers to characterize star-forming regions. Despite their importance in carrying information that is vital to studies of the chemistry and evolution of star-forming regions, the collision rates of some of these molecules have not been available for rigorous studies in the past.

Aims. Our goal is to perform an up-to-date gas and dust chemical characterization of two different star-forming regions, TMC 1-C and NGC 1333-C7, using new collisional rates of HCN, HNC, and their isotopologues. We investigated the possible effects of the environment and stellar feedback in their chemistry and their evolution.

Methods. We used updated collisional rates of HCN, HNC, and their isotopologues in our analysis of the chemistry of TMC 1-C (Taurus) and NGC 1333-C7 (Perseus). With millimeter observations, we derived their column densities, the C and N isotopic fractions, the isomeric ratios, and the deuterium fractionation. The continuum data at 3 mm and 850 µm allowed us to compute the emissivity spectral index and look for grain growth as an evolutionary tracer.

Results. The H¹³CN/HN¹³C ratio is anticorrelated with the deuterium fraction of HCN, thus it can readily serve as a proxy for the temperature. The spectral index (β ~ 1.34–2.09) shows a tentative anticorrelation with the H¹³CN/HN¹³C ratio, suggesting grain growth in the evolved, hotter, and less deuterated sources. Unlike TMC 1-C, the south-to-north gradient in dust temperature and spectral index observed in NGC 1333-C7 suggests feedback from the main NGC 1333 cloud.

Conclusions. With this up-to-date characterization of two star-forming regions, we found that the chemistry and the physical properties are tightly related. The dust temperature, deuterium fraction, and the spectral index are complementary evolutionary tracers. The large-scale environmental factors may dominate the chemistry and evolution in clustered star-forming regions.