The evolving cluster cores: Putting together the pieces of the puzzle

¹ INAF – IASF Milano, Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
e-mail: silvano.molendi@inaf.it
² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
³ Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

Received: 25 February 2022
Accepted: 17 October 2022

Abstract

Context. In this work we address the issue of whether the division of clusters in cool cores (CCs) and non-cool cores (NCCs) is due to a primordial difference or to how clusters evolve across cosmic time.

Aims. Our first goal is to establish if spectra from the central regions of a subclass of NCCs known as cool core remnants (CCRs) are consistent with having a small but significant amount of short cooling time gas, thereby allowing a transformation to CC systems on a timescale of a giga year. Our second goal is to determine if low ionization Fe lines emitted from this residual cool gas will be detectable by the calorimeters that will fly on board XRISM and Athena.

Methods. We performed a spectral analysis of CCR systems with a multi temperature model and, assuming the different components to be in pressure equilibrium with one another, derived entropy and cooling time distributions for the X-ray emitting gas.

Results. We find that in most of our systems, the spectral model allows for a fraction of low entropy, short cooling time gas with a mass that is comparable to the one in CC systems. Moreover, simulations show that future spectrometers on board XRISM and Athena will have the power to directly resolve emission lines from the low temperature gas, thereby providing incontrovertible evidence for its presence.

Conclusions. Within the scenario that we have explored, the constant fraction of CCs measured across cosmic time emerges from a dynamical equilibrium where CCs transformed in NCCs through mergers are balanced by NCCs that revert to CCs. Furthermore, CCs and NCCs should not be viewed as distinct sub classes, but as “states” between which clusters can move.