Metal-THINGS: Association and optical characterization of supernova remnants with H I holes in NGC 6946

¹ Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos, IPARCOS, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
e-mail: maritzal@ucm.es
² Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
³ Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 27 Akademika Zabolotnoho St, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine
⁴ Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), Luis E. Erro 1, Tonantzintla, Puebla, C.P. 72840 México, Mexico
⁵ Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, Mexico
⁶ Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Scheinerstr. 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁷ School of Physical Sciences and Centre for Astrophysics & Relativity, Dublin City University, Glasnevin D09 W6Y4, Ireland
⁸ Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Ciclo Básico Común, Buenos Aires, Argentina
⁹ CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
¹⁰ Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
¹¹ Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-264, CP 04510 México, CDMX, Mexico

Received: 27 September 2022
Accepted: 20 October 2022

Abstract

Context. NGC 6946, also known as the “Fireworks Galaxy”, is an unusual galaxy that hosts a total of 225 supernova remnant (SNR) candidates, including 147 optically identified with high [S II]/Hα line ratios. In addition, this galaxy shows prominent H I holes, which have been analyzed in previous studies. Indeed, the connection between SNRs and H I holes along with their physical implications in the surrounding gas are worthy of attention.

Aims. This paper explores the connection between the SNRs and the H I holes, including an analysis of their physical link to observational optical properties inside and around the rims of the holes, using new integral field unit (IFU) data from the Metal-THINGS survey.

Methods. We present an analysis combining previously identified H I holes, SNR candidates, and new integral field unit (IFU) data from Metal-THINGS of the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. We analyzed the distributions of the oxygen abundance, star formation rate surface density, extinction, ionization, and diffuse ionized gas, as well as the Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich classification throughout the galaxy.

Results. By analyzing the optical properties of the 121 previously identify H I holes in NGC 6946 in detail, we find that the SNRs are concentrated at the rims of the H I holes. Furthermore, our IFU data show that the star formation rate and extinction are enhanced at the rims of the holes. To a lesser degree, the oxygen abundance and ionization parameter show hints of enhancement on the rims of the holes. Altogether, this provides evidence of induced star formation taking place at the rims of the holes, whose origin can be explained by the expansion of superbubbles created by multiple supernova explosions in large stellar clusters dozens of Myr ago.