Asymmetry in the number of L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans driven by jumping Jupiter

¹ School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
e-mail: ljian@nju.edu.cn
² Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics in Ministry of Education, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
³ Department of Mathematics, Northwestern University, 2033 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
⁴ University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahata, Kitakyusyu 807-8555, Japan
⁵ Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
⁶ New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
⁷ Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
⁸ Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China

Received: 7 July 2022
Accepted: 24 November 2022

Abstract

Context. More than 10 000 Jupiter Trojans have been detected so far. They are moving around the L4 and L5 triangular Lagrangian points of the Sun-Jupiter system and their distributions can provide important clues about the early evolution of the Solar System.

Aims. The number asymmetry of the L4 and L5 Jupiter Trojans is a longstanding problem. We aim to test a new mechanism in order to explain this anomalous feature by invoking the jumping-Jupiter scenario.

Methods. First, we introduce the orbital evolution of Jupiter caused by the giant planet instability in the early Solar System. In this scenario, Jupiter could undergo an outward migration at a very high speed. We then investigate how such a jump changes the numbers of the L4 (N₄) and L5 (N₅) Trojans.

Results. The outward migration of Jupiter can distort the co-orbital orbits near the Lagrangian points, resulting in L4 Trojans being more stable than the L5 ones. We find that this mechanism could potentially explain the unbiased number asymmetry of N₄/N₅ ~ 1.6 for the known Jupiter Trojans. The uncertainties of the system parameters, such as Jupiter’s eccentricity and inclination as well as the inclination distribution of Jupiter Trojans, are also taken into account and our results about the L4/L5 asymmetry have been further validated. However, the resonant amplitudes of the simulated Trojans are excited to higher values compared to the current population. A possible solution is that collisions among the Trojans may reduce their resonant amplitudes.