Discriminating power of milli-lensing observations for dark matter models

¹ University of Crete, Department of Physics & Institute of Theoretical & Computational Physics, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
e-mail: nloudas@physics.uoc.gr; pavlidou@physics.uoc.gr
² Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece

Received: 15 September 2022
Accepted: 8 November 2022

Abstract

Context. The nature of dark matter (DM) is still under intense debate. Subgalactic scales are particularly critical, as different, currently viable DM models make diverse predictions on the expected abundance and density profile of DM haloes on these scales.

Aims. We investigate the ability of subgalactic DM haloes to act as strong lenses on background compact sources, producing gravitational lensing events on milli-arcsecond scales (milli-lenses), for different DM models. For each DM scenario, we explore whether a sample of ∼5000 distant sources is sufficient to detect at least one milli-lens.

Methods. We developed a semi-analytical model to estimate the milli-lensing optical depth as a function of the source’s redshift for various DM models. We employed the Press-Schechter formalism, as well as results from recent N-body simulations to compute the halo mass function, taking into account the appropriate spherically averaged density profile of haloes for each DM model. We treated the lensing system as a point-mass lens and invoked the effective surface mass density threshold to calculate the fraction of a halo that acts as a gravitational lens. We studied three classes of dark matter models: cold DM, warm DM, and self-interacting DM.

Results. We find that haloes consisting of warm DM turn out to be optically thin for strong gravitational milli-lensing (zero expected lensing events). Cold DM haloes may produce lensing events depending on the steepness of the concentration-mass relation. Self-interacting DM haloes can efficiently act as gravitational milli-lenses only if haloes experience gravothermal collapse, resulting in highly dense central cores.