Hubble Asteroid Hunter

II. Identifying strong gravitational lenses in HST images with crowdsourcing^★

¹ Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zürich, Wolfang-Pauli-Strasse 27, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
e-mail: egarvin@phys.ethz.ch
² Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
e-mail: kruksandor@gmail.com
³ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴ Citizen Scientist, Zooniverse, Astrophysics Sub-department, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik (MPA), Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁶ European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

Received: 9 April 2022
Accepted: 27 June 2022

Abstract

Context. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archives constitute a rich dataset of high-resolution images to mine for strong gravitational lenses. While many HST programmes specifically target strong lenses, they can also be present by coincidence in other HST observations.

Aims. Our aim is to identify non-targeted strong gravitational lenses, without any prior selection on the lens properties, in almost two decades of images from the ESA HST archive (eHST).

Methods. We used crowdsourcing on the Hubble Asteroid Hunter (HAH) citizen science project to identify strong lenses, along with asteroid trails, in publicly available large field-of-view HST images. We visually inspected 2354 objects tagged by citizen scientists as strong lenses to clean the sample and identify the genuine lenses.

Results. We report the detection of 252 strong gravitational lens candidates, which were not the primary targets of the HST observations. A total of 198 of them are new, not previously reported by other studies, consisting of 45 A grades, 74 B grades and 79 C grades. The majority are galaxy-galaxy configurations. The newly detected lenses are, on average, 1.3 magnitudes fainter than previous HST searches. This sample of strong lenses with high-resolution HST imaging is ideal to follow up with spectroscopy for lens modelling and scientific analyses.

Conclusions. This paper presents the unbiased search of lenses that enabled us to find a wide variety of lens configurations, including exotic lenses. We demonstrate the power of crowdsourcing in visually identifying strong lenses and the benefits of exploring large archival datasets. This study shows the potential of using crowdsourcing in combination with artificial intelligence for the detection and validation of strong lenses in future large-scale surveys such as ESA’s Euclid mission or in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) archival images.