Issue |
A&A
Volume 666, October 2022
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A90 | |
Number of page(s) | 11 | |
Section | Planets and planetary systems | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141830 | |
Published online | 13 October 2022 |
Exploring multiple generations of planetary embryos
1
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg,
Königstuhl 17,
69117
Heidelberg, Germany
e-mail: voelkel@mpia.de
2
Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern,
Gesellschaftsstrasse 6
CH 3012
Bern, Switzerland
3
Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München,
Scheinerstraße 1,
81679
München, Germany
Received:
20
July
2021
Accepted:
2
February
2022
Context. Global models of planet formation tend to begin with an initial set of planetary embryos for the sake of simplicity. While this approach gives valuable insights into the evolution of the initial embryos, the initial distribution itself is staked on a bold assumption. Limiting the study to an initial distribution may neglect essential physics that either precedes or follows such an initial distribution.
Aims. We wish to investigate the effect of dynamic planetary embryo formation on the formation of planetary systems.
Methods. The presented framework begins with an initial disk of gas, dust, and pebbles. The disk evolution, the formation of plan-etesimals and the formation of planetary embryos is modeled consistently. Embryos then grow by pebble accretion, followed by planetesimal and, eventually, gas accretion. Planet-disk interactions and N-body dynamics, along with a consideration of other simultaneously growing embryos, are included in the framework.
Results. We show that the formation of planets can occur in multiple consecutive phases. Earlier generations grow massive by pebble accretion but are subject to fast type I migration and, thus, by accretion to the star. The later generations of embryos that form grow too much smaller masses by planetesimal accretion, as the amount of pebbles in the disk has vanished.
Conclusions. The formation history of planetary systems may be far more complex than an initial distribution of embryos could reflect. The dynamic formation of planetary embryos needs to be considered in global models of planet formation to allow for a complete picture of the system’s evolution.
Key words: planets and satellites: formation / planets and satellites: terrestrial planets / planets and satellites: composition / planet-disk interactions
© O. Voelkel et al. 2022
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Open Access funding provided by Max Planck Society.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.