The 700 ks Chandra Spiderweb Field

I. Evidence for widespread nuclear activity in the protocluster

¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi, 50122 Firenze, Italy
e-mail: paolo.tozzi@inaf.it
² INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00040 Monteporzio (RM), Italy
³ INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴ Università di Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica, Sezione di Astronomia, via Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, 34123 Trieste, Italy
⁶ Leiden Observatory, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
⁷ Jansky Fellow of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 0, Socorro NM 87801, USA
⁸ INFN – Sezione di Trieste, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁹ Institute of Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Grignano, Trieste, Italy
¹⁰ National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 0 Socorro NM 87801, USA
¹¹ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹² Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹³ Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Casilla 4059 Valparaíso, Chile
¹⁴ Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁵ European Southern Observatory (ESO), Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
¹⁶ Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
¹⁷ Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
¹⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universitá degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy

Received: 29 September 2021
Accepted: 28 February 2022

Abstract

Aims. We present an analysis of the 700 ks Chandra ACIS-S observation of the field around the radio galaxy J1140-2629 (the Spiderweb Galaxy) at z = 2.156, focusing on the nuclear activity in the associated large-scale environment.

Methods. We identified unresolved X-ray sources in the field down to flux limits of 1.3 × 10⁻¹⁶ and 3.9 × 10⁻¹⁶ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻² in the soft (0.5–2.0 keV) and hard (2–10 keV) band, respectively. We searched for counterparts in the optical, near-infrared, and submillimeter catalogs available in the literature to identify X-ray sources belonging to the protocluster and derived their X-ray properties.

Results. We detect 107 X-ray unresolved sources within 5 arcmin (corresponding to 2.5 Mpc) of J1140-2629, among which 13 have optical counterparts with spectroscopic redshift 2.11 < z < 2.20, and 1 source has a photometric redshift consistent with this range. The X-ray-emitting protocluster members are distributed approximately over a ∼3.2 × 1.3 Mpc² rectangular region. An X-ray spectral analysis for all the sources within the protocluster shows that their intrinsic spectral slope is consistent with an average ⟨Γ⟩∼1.84 ± 0.04. Excluding the Spiderweb Galaxy, the best-fit intrinsic absorption for five protocluster X-ray members is N_H > 10²³ cm⁻², while another six have upper limits of the order of a few times 10²² cm⁻². Two sources can only be fitted with very flat Γ ≤ 1, and are therefore considered Compton-thick candidates. The 0.5–10 keV rest-frame luminosities of the 11 Compton-thin protocluster members corrected for intrinsic absorption are greater than 2  ×  10⁴³ erg s⁻¹. These values are typical for the bright end of a Seyfert-like distribution and significantly greater than X-ray luminosities expected from star formation activity. The X-ray luminosity function of the AGN in the volume associated to the Spiderweb protocluster in the range 10⁴³ < L_X < 10^44.5 erg s⁻¹ is at least ten times higher than that in the field at the same redshift and significantly flatter, implying an increasing excess at the bright end. The X-ray AGN fraction is measured to be 25.5  ±  4.5% of the spectroscopically confirmed members in the stellar mass range log(M_*/M_⊙) > 10.5. This value corresponds to an enhancement factor of 6.0_−3.0^+9.0 for the nuclear activity with L_{0.5 − 10 keV} > 4 × 10⁴³ erg s⁻¹ with respect to the COSMOS field at comparable redshifts and stellar mass range.

Conclusions. We conclude that the galaxy population in the Spiderweb protocluster is characterized by enhanced X-ray nuclear activity triggered by environmental effects on megaparsec scales.