The Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope

II. Multi-object spectroscopy (MOS)

¹ European Space Agency, European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, Spain
e-mail: pierre.ferruit@esa.int
² Cosmic Dawn Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
³ ATG Europe for the European Space Agency, European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴ European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
⁵ Centro de Astrobiología, (CAB, CSIC—INTA), Departamento de Astrofísica, Madrid, Spain
⁶ Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
⁸ Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK
⁹ Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, France
¹⁰ European Space Agency, European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
¹¹ Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, The Netherlands
¹² AURA for the European Space Agency, Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
¹³ Aurora Technology for the European Space Agency, European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid, Spain
¹⁴ Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, UK
¹⁵ Quantum Circuits, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
¹⁶ NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
¹⁷ Max-Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
¹⁸ NRC Herzberg, National Research Council, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Received: 16 November 2021
Accepted: 26 January 2022

Abstract

We provide an overview of the capabilities and performance of the Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) on the James Webb Space Telescope when used in its multi-object spectroscopy (MOS) mode employing a novel Micro Shutter Array (MSA) slit device. The MSA consists of four separate 98″ × 91″ quadrants each containing 365 × 171 individually addressable shutters whose open areas on the sky measure 0.20″ × 0.46″ on a 0.27″ × 0.53″ pitch. This is the first time that a configurable multi-object spectrograph has been available on a space mission. The levels of multiplexing achievable with NIRSpec MOS mode are quantified and we show that NIRSpec will be able to observe typically fifty to two hundred objects simultaneously with the pattern of close to a quarter of a million shutters provided by the MSA. This pattern is fixed and regular, and we identify the specific constraints that it yields for NIRSpec observation planning. In particular, the roll angle at which a given NIRSpec MSA observation will be executed will, in most cases, not be known before the observation is actually scheduled. As a consequence, NIRSpec users planning MOS mode observations cannot at the proposal stage know precisely which subset of their intended targets will be observable, and will therefore need to intentionally oversize their submitted target catalogues accordingly. We also present the data processing and calibration steps planned for the NIRSpec MOS data. The significant variation in size of the mostly diffraction-limited instrument point spread function over the large wavelength range of 0.6–5.3 µm covered by the instrument, combined with the fact that most targets observed with the MSA cannot be expected to be perfectly centred within their respective slits, makes the spectrophotometric and wavelength calibration of the obtained spectra particularly complex. This is reflected by the inclusion of specific steps such as the wavelength zero-point correction nd the relative path loss correction in the NIRSpec data processing and calibration flow. The processing of spectra of morphologically extended targets will require additional attention and development. These challenges notwithstanding, the sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities anticipated of NIRSpec in MOS mode are unprecedented, and should enable significant progress to be made in addressing a wide range of outstanding astrophysical problems.