The HD 98800 quadruple pre-main sequence system

Towards full orbital characterisation using long-baseline infrared interferometry^⋆

¹ Núcleo Milenio de Formación Planetaria (NPF), Valparaíso, Chile
e-mail: sebastian.zuniga@postgrado.uv.cl
² European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Córdova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago de Chile, Chile
³ Instituto de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaíso, Chile
⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica – Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 8970117, Chile
⁵ Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory | NSF’s NOIRLab, Casilla 603, La Serena, Chile
⁶ Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
⁷ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland
⁸ Universidad de Concepción, Departamento de Astronomía, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
⁹ Unidad Mixta Internacional Franco-Chilena de Astronomía (CNRS UMI 3386), Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino al Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
¹⁰ Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France

Received: 7 August 2021
Accepted: 1 September 2021

Abstract

Context. HD 98800 is a young (∼10 Myr old) and nearby (∼45 pc) quadruple system, composed of two spectroscopic binaries orbiting around each other (AaAb and BaBb), with a gas-rich disk in polar configuration around BaBb. While the orbital parameters of BaBb and AB are relatively well constrained, this is not the case for AaAb. A full characterisation of this quadruple system can provide insights on the formation of such a complex system.

Aims. The goal of this work is to determine the orbit of the AaAb subsystem and refine the orbital solution of BaBb using multi-epoch interferometric observations with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer PIONIER and radial velocities.

Methods. The PIONIER observations provide relative astrometric positions and flux ratios for both AaAa and BaBb subsystems. Combining the astrometric points with radial velocity measurements, we determine the orbital parameters of both subsystems.

Results. We refined the orbital solution of BaBb and derived, for the first time, the full orbital solution of AaAb. We confirmed the polar configuration of the circumbinary disk around BaBb. From our solutions, we also inferred the dynamical masses of AaAb (M_Aa = 0.93 ± 0.09 and M_Ab = 0.29 ± 0.02 M_⊙). We also revisited the parameters of the AB outer orbit.

Conclusions. The orbital parameters are relevant to test the long-term stability of the system and to evaluate possible formation scenarios of HD 98800. Using the N-body simulation, we show that the system should be dynamically stable over thousands of orbital periods and that it made preliminary predictions for the transit of the disk in front of AaAb which is estimated to start around 2026. We discuss the lack of a disk around AaAb, which can be explained by the larger X-ray luminosity of AaAb, promoting faster photo-evaporation of the disk. High-resolution infrared spectroscopic observations would provide radial velocities of Aa and Ab (blended lines in contemporary observations), which would allow us to calculate the dynamical masses of Aa and Ab independently of the parallax of BaBb. Further monitoring of other hierarchical systems will improve our understanding of the formation and dynamical evolution of these kinds of systems.