Issue |
A&A
Volume 648, April 2021
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A62 | |
Number of page(s) | 30 | |
Section | Interstellar and circumstellar matter | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039748 | |
Published online | 13 April 2021 |
Unveiling the traits of massive young stellar objects through a multi-scale survey★
1
Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven,
Celestijnenlaan 200D,
Leuven
3001,
Belgium
e-mail: afrost274@gmail.com
2
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds,
Leeds
LS2 9JT, UK
3
European Southern Observatory,
Alonso de Cordova 3107,
Vitacura,
Santiago, Chile
Received:
23
October
2020
Accepted:
6
February
2021
Context. The rarity and deeply embedded nature of young massive stars has limited the understanding of the formation of stars with masses larger than 8 M⊙. Previous work has shown that complementing spectral energy distributions with interferometric and imaging data can probe the circumstellar environments of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) well. However, complex studies of single objects often use different approaches in their analysis. Therefore the results of these studies cannot be directly compared.
Aims. This work aims to obtain the physical characteristics of a sample of MYSOs at ~0.01″ scales, at ~0.1″ scales, and as a whole, which enables us to compare the characteristics of the sources.
Methods. We apply the same multi-scale method and analysis to a sample of MYSOs. High-resolution interferometric data (MIDI/VLTI), near-diffraction-limited imaging data (VISIR/VLT, COMICS/Subaru), and a multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution are combined. By fitting simulated observables derived from 2.5D radiative transfer models of disk-outflow-envelope systems to our observations, the properties of the MYSOs are constrained.
Results. We find that the observables of all the MYSOs can be reproduced by models with disk-outflow-envelope geometries, analogous to the Class I geometry associated with low-mass protostars. The characteristics of the envelopes and the cavities within them are very similar across our sample. On the other hand, the disks seem to differ between the objects, in particular with regards to what we interpret as evidence of complex structures and inner holes.
Conclusions. The MYSOs of this sample have similar large-scale geometries, but variance is observed among their disk properties. This is comparable to the morphologies observed for low-mass young stellar objects. A strong correlation is found between the luminosity of the central MYSO and the size of the transition disk-like inner hole for the MYSOs, implying that photoevaporation or the presence of binary companions may be the cause.
Key words: stars: formation / stars: early-type / stars: imaging / techniques: interferometric / infrared: stars
Based on observations made with ESO telescopes at the Paranal Observatory under programme IDs 097.C-0320(A), 75.C-0755, 74.C-0389, 082.C-899(A), 076.C-0725(B), 84.C-0183(D), 84.C-0183(C), 84.C-0183(B), 84.C-0183(B), 90.C-0717(A), 89.C-0968(A), 82.C-0899(A), 84.C-1072(A), 84.C-1072(B), 60.A-9224(A), 273.C-5044(A), 74.C-0389(B), 75.C-0755(A), 75.C-0755(B), 75.C-0755(A), 75.C-0755(B), 77.C-0440(A) and 381.C-0607(A).
© ESO 2021
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