Spectroscopic classification of a complete sample of astrometrically-selected quasar candidates using Gaia DR2

¹ Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland
e-mail: keh14@hi.is
² Cosmic DAWN Center, Denmark
³ Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵ Gran Telescopio Canarias (GRANTECAN), 38205 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶ European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschildstrasse 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS-SU, UMR7095, 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸ Nordic Optical Telescope, Rambla José Ana Fernández Pérez, 7, 38711 Brenã Baja, Spain
⁹ Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Received: 26 August 2020
Accepted: 2 October 2020

Abstract

Here we explore the efficiency and fidelity of a purely astrometric selection of quasars as point sources with zero proper motions in the Gaia data release 2 (DR2). We have built a complete candidate sample including 104 Gaia-DR2 point sources, which are brighter than 20th magnitude in the Gaia G-band within one degree of the north Galactic pole (NGP); all of them have proper motions that are consistent with zero within 2σ uncertainty. In addition to pre-existing spectra, we have secured long-slit spectroscopy of all the remaining candidates and find that all 104 stationary point sources in the field can be classified as either quasars (63) or stars (41). One of the new quasars that we discover is particularly interesting as the line-of-sight to it passes through the disc of a foreground (z = 0.022) galaxy, which imprints both NaD absorption and dust extinction on the quasar spectrum. The selection efficiency of the zero-proper-motion criterion at high Galactic latitudes is thus ≈60%. Based on this complete quasar sample, we examine the basic properties of the underlying quasar population within the imposed limiting magnitude. We find that the surface density of quasars is 20 deg⁻² (at G <  20 mag), the redshift distribution peaks at z ∼ 1.5, and only eight systems (13_-3⁺⁵%) show significant dust reddening. We then explore the selection efficiency of commonly used optical, near-, and mid-infrared quasar identification techniques and find that they are all complete at the 85−90% level compared to the astrometric selection. Finally, we discuss how the astrometric selection can be improved to an efficiency of ≈70% by including an additional cut requiring parallaxes of the candidates to be consistent with zero within 2σ. The selection efficiency will further increase with the release of future, more sensitive astrometric measurements from the Gaia mission. This type of selection, which is purely based on the astrometry of the quasar candidates, is unbiased in terms of colours and intrinsic emission mechanisms of the quasars and thus provides the most complete census of the quasar population within the limiting magnitude of Gaia.