Planck 2018 results

III. High Frequency Instrument data processing and frequency maps

¹ AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; AIM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
² APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
⁵ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁶ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
⁸ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹ Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
¹⁰ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
¹¹ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹² Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
¹³ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Genève, Switzerland
¹⁴ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
¹⁵ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Federico García Lorca, 18, Oviedo, Spain
¹⁶ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
¹⁷ Department of Mathematics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
¹⁸ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
¹⁹ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
²⁰ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
²¹ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²² Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²³ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
²⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
²⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
²⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
³⁰ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Canada, Madrid, Spain
³¹ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
³² Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
³³ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, USA
³⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
³⁵ INAF – OAS Bologna, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Area della Ricerca del CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
³⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
³⁸ INAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
³⁹ INAF/IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁴⁰ INFN – CNAF, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴¹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
⁴² INFN, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
⁴³ INFN, Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
⁴⁴ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁴⁵ INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
⁴⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁴⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât. 121, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
⁴⁸ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁴⁹ Institute Lorentz, Leiden University, PO Box 9506, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
⁵⁰ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵¹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁵² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁵³ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁵⁴ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁵⁵ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, USA
⁵⁶ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁵⁷ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁵⁸ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁵⁹ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁶⁰ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁶¹ LERMA/LRA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
⁶² Laboratoire AIM, CEA – Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
⁶³ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁶⁴ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁵ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁶⁶ Low Temperature Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 00076 Aalto, Finland
⁶⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁶⁸ Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
⁶⁹ NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre (NUCAC), University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷⁰ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁷¹ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁷² San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
⁷³ School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷⁴ School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, 752050 Jatni, Odissa, India
⁷⁵ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁷⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University, 2 Daxue Rd, Tangjia, Zhuhai, PR China
⁷⁷ School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
⁷⁸ School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Vithura, 695551 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
⁷⁹ Simon Fraser University, Department of Physics, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
⁸⁰ Sorbonne Université–UPMC, UMR7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸¹ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁸² Space Science Data Center – Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁸³ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
⁸⁴ The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
⁸⁵ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸⁶ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁸⁷ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 26 February 2018
Accepted: 27 June 2018

Abstract

This paper presents the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) data processing procedures for the Planck 2018 release. Major improvements in mapmaking have been achieved since the previous Planck 2015 release, many of which were used and described already in an intermediate paper dedicated to the Planck polarized data at low multipoles. These improvements enabled the first significant measurement of the reionization optical depth parameter using Planck-HFI data. This paper presents an extensive analysis of systematic effects, including the use of end-to-end simulations to facilitate their removal and characterize the residuals. The polarized data, which presented a number of known problems in the 2015 Planck release, are very significantly improved, especially the leakage from intensity to polarization. Calibration, based on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) dipole, is now extremely accurate and in the frequency range 100–353 GHz reduces intensity-to-polarization leakage caused by calibration mismatch. The Solar dipole direction has been determined in the three lowest HFI frequency channels to within one arc minute, and its amplitude has an absolute uncertainty smaller than 0.35 μK, an accuracy of order 10⁻⁴. This is a major legacy from the Planck HFI for future CMB experiments. The removal of bandpass leakage has been improved for the main high-frequency foregrounds by extracting the bandpass-mismatch coefficients for each detector as part of the mapmaking process; these values in turn improve the intensity maps. This is a major change in the philosophy of “frequency maps”, which are now computed from single detector data, all adjusted to the same average bandpass response for the main foregrounds. End-to-end simulations have been shown to reproduce very well the relative gain calibration of detectors, as well as drifts within a frequency induced by the residuals of the main systematic effect (analogue-to-digital convertor non-linearity residuals). Using these simulations, we have been able to measure and correct the small frequency calibration bias induced by this systematic effect at the 10⁻⁴ level. There is no detectable sign of a residual calibration bias between the first and second acoustic peaks in the CMB channels, at the 10⁻³ level.