Inner dusty envelope of the AGB stars W Hydrae, SW Virginis, and R Crateris using SPHERE/ZIMPOL

¹ Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden
e-mail: theo.khouri@chalmers.se
² European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile
³ Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
⁴ Sterrewacht Leiden, PO Box 9513, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
⁵ Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Blvd de l’Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France
⁶ LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
⁷ Instituut voor Sterrenkunde, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D 2401, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
⁸ SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands

Received: 9 November 2018
Accepted: 25 February 2020

Abstract

Context. The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) marks the final evolutionary stage of stars with initial masses between ~0.8 and 8 M_⊙. During this phase, stars undergo copious mass loss, which contributes significantly to the enrichment of the interstellar medium. The well-accepted mass-loss mechanism requires radiation pressure acting on dust grains that form in the density-enhanced and extended AGB stellar atmospheres. The details of the mass-loss process are not yet well understood, however. For oxygen-rich AGB stars, which are the focus of this study, the dust grains that drive the wind are expected to scatter visible light very efficiently because their sizes are relative large.

Aims. We study the distribution of dust in the inner wind of oxygen-rich AGB stars to advance our understanding of the wind-driving process.

Methods. We observed light scattered off dust grains that form around three oxygen-rich AGB stars (W Hya, SW Vir, and R Crt) with mass-loss rates between 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻⁶ M_⊙ yr⁻¹ using the extreme-adaptive-optics imager and polarimeter SPHERE/ZIMPOL with three filters centred at 0.65, 0.75 and 0.82 μm. We compared the observed morphologies and the spectral dependence of the scattered light between the three sources and determined the radial profile, per image octant, of the dust density distribution around the closest target, W Hya.

Results. We find the distribution of dust to be asymmetric for the three targets. A biconical morphology is seen for R Crt, with a position angle that is very similar to those inferred from interferometric observations of maser emission and of mid-infrared continuum emission. The cause of the biconical outflow cannot be inferred from the ZIMPOL data, but we speculate that it might be the consequence of a circumstellar disc or of the action of strong magnetic fields. The dust grains polarise light more efficiently at 0.65 μm for R Crt and SW Vir and at 0.82 μm for W Hya. This indicates that at the time of the observations, the grains around SW Vir and R Crt had sizes <0.1 μm, while those around W Hya were larger, with sizes ≳0.1 μm. The asymmetric distribution of dust around R Crt makes the interpretation more uncertain for this star, however. We find that polarised light is produced already from within the visible photosphere of W Hya, which we reproduce using models with an inner dust shell that is optically thick to scattering. We fit radiative transfer models to the radial profile of the polarised light observed around W Hya and find a steep dust density profile, with steepness varying considerably with direction. We find the wind-acceleration region of W Hya to extend to at least ~7 R_⋆. This is in agreement with theoretical predictions of wind acceleration up to ~12 R_⋆, and highlights that ZIMPOL observations probe the crucial region around AGB stars where dust forms and is accelerated.