Spectral properties and detectability of supermassive stars in protoglobular clusters at high redshift^⋆

¹ LUPM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
e-mail: fabrice.martins@umontpellier.fr
² Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin des Maillettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
³ IRAP, UMR 5277, CNRS and Université de Toulouse, 14 Av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

Received: 21 October 2019
Accepted: 6 November 2019

Abstract

Context. Globular clusters (GCs) contain multiple stellar populations with peculiar chemical compositions. Pollution of the intracluster gas by an early population of fast-evolving stars is the most common scenario for explaining the observations. Stars with masses in excess of 1000 M_⊙ have recently been suggested as potential polluters.

Aims. We investigate the spectral properties of proto-GCs that would host a supermassive star (SMS). Our main goal is to quantify how such a star would affect the integrated light of the cluster, and to study the detectability of such objects.

Methods. We computed nonlocal thermal equilibirum atmosphere models for SMS with various combinations of stellar parameters (luminosity, effective temperature, and mass) and metallicities appropriate for GCs, and we predict their emergent spectra. Using these spectra, we calculated the total emission of young proto-GCs with SMS as predicted in a previously reported scenario, and we computed synthetic photometry in UV, optical, and near-IR bands, in particular for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Results. At an effective temperature of 10 000 K, the spectrum of SMSs shows a Balmer break in emission. This feature is due to strong nonlocal thermal equilibrium effects (implied by the high luminosity) and is not observed in “normal” stars. The hydrogen lines also show a peculiar behavior, with Balmer lines in emission while higher series lines are in absorption. At 7000 K, the Balmer break shows a strong absorption. At high effective temperatures, the Lyman break is found in emission. Cool and luminous SMSs are found to dominate the integrated spectrum of the cluster, except for the UV range. The predicted magnitudes of these proto-GCs are mag_AB ∼ 28 − 30 between 0.7 and 8 μm and for redshifts z ∼ 4 − 10, which is detectable with the JWST. The peculiar observational features of cool SMSs imply that they might in principle be detected in color-color diagrams that probe the spectral energy distribution below and above the Balmer break.

Conclusions. Our results show that SMSs should be detectable in proto-GCs if they are luminous and relatively cool. They may be found through deep imaging with the JWST.