Issue |
A&A
Volume 631, November 2019
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A125 | |
Number of page(s) | 49 | |
Section | Planets and planetary systems | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935113 | |
Published online | 05 November 2019 |
Detection and characterisation of 54 massive companions with the SOPHIE spectrograph
Seven new brown dwarfs and constraints on the brown dwarf desert★
1
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
e-mail: flavien.kiefer@iap.fr
2
Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université d’Aix-Marseille,
04870 Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire, France
3
Space Telescope Science Institute,
3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
4
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas,
4150-762 Porto, Portugal
5
Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto,
Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
6
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG,
38000 Grenoble, France
7
Observatoire astronomique de l’Université de Genève,
51 chemin des Maillettes 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
8
Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
9
Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
10
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Buenos Aires, Argentina
11
CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
12
Center of Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University,
Nashville, TN 37209, USA
13
Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich,
8093 Zurich, Switzerland
14
Departamento de Matemática y Física Aplicadas, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción,
Alonso de Rivera, 2850 Concepción, Chile
15
LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris,
5 Place Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France
16
Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution of Washington,
Colina el Pino, Casilla 601 La Serena, Chile
Received:
23
January
2019
Accepted:
20
August
2019
Context. Brown dwarfs (BD) are substellar objects intermediate between planets and stars with masses of ~13–80 MJ. While isolated BDs are most likely produced by gravitational collapse in molecular clouds down to masses of a few MJ, a non-negligible fraction of low-mass companions might be formed through the planet-formation channel in protoplanetary discs. The upper mass limit of objects formed within discs is still observationally unknown, the main reason being the strong dearth of BD companions at orbital periods shorter than 10 yr, also known as the BD desert.
Aims. To address this question, we aim at determining the best statistics of companions within the 10–100 MJ mass regime and located closer than ~10 au to the primary star, while minimising observation and selection bias.
Methods. We made extensive use of the radial velocity (RV) surveys of northern hemisphere FGK stars within 60 pc of the Sun, performed with the SOPHIE spectrograph at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. We derived the Keplerian solutions of the RV variations of 54 sources. Public astrometric data of the HIPPARCOS and Gaia missions allowed us to constrain the masses of the companions for most sources. We introduce GASTON, a new method to derive inclination combining RVs and Keplerian and astrometric excess noise from Gaia DR1.
Results. We report the discovery of 12 new BD candidates. For five of them, additional astrometric data led to a revision of their mass in the M-dwarf regime. Among the seven remaining objects, four are confirmed BD companions, and three others are likely also in this mass regime. Moreover, we report the detection of 42 M-dwarfs within the range of 90 MJ–0.52 M⊙. The resulting M sin i-P distribution of BD candidates shows a clear drop in the detection rate below 80-day orbital period. Above that limit, the BD desert appears rather wet, with a uniform distribution of the M sin i. We derive a minimum BD-detection frequency around Solar-like stars of 2.0 ± 0.5%.
Key words: brown dwarfs / binaries: spectroscopic / techniques: radial velocities / methods: observational / methods: numerical
RV data are only available at the CDS and Tables B.1, B.3–B.7 are also available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/631/A125
© F. Kiefer et al. 2019
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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