Astrometric planet search around southern ultracool dwarfs

IV. Relative motion of the FORS2/VLT CCD chips^⋆

¹ Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Zabolotnogo 27, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
e-mail: laz@mao.kiev.ua
² Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

Received: 15 July 2019
Accepted: 8 August 2019

Abstract

We present an investigation of the stability of the two chips in the FORS2 camera CCD mosaic on the basis of astrometric observations of stars in 20 sky fields, some of which were monitored for four to seven years. We detected a smooth relative shear motion of the chips along their dividing line that is well approximated by a cubic function of time with an amplitude that reaches ∼0.3 pixels (px) or ∼38 mas over seven years. In a single case, we detected a step change of ∼0.06 px that occurred within four days. In the orthogonal direction that corresponds to the separation between the chips, the motion is a factor of 5–10 smaller. This chip instability in the camera significantly reduces the astrometric precision when the reduction uses reference stars located in both chips, and the effect is not accounted for explicitly. We found that the instability introduces a bias in stellar positions with an amplitude that increases with the observation time span. When our reduction methods and FORS2 images are used, it affects stellar positions like an excess random noise with an rms of ∼0.5 mas for a time span of three to seven years when left uncorrected. We demonstrate that an additional calibration step can adequately mitigate this and restore an astrometric accuracy of 0.12 mas, which is essential to achieve the goals of our planet-search program. These results indicate that similar instabilities could critically affect the astrometric performance of other large ground-based telescopes and extremely large telescopes that are equipped with large-format multi-chip detectors if no precautions are taken.