Issue |
A&A
Volume 629, September 2019
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A111 | |
Number of page(s) | 14 | |
Section | Planets and planetary systems | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935957 | |
Published online | 13 September 2019 |
Characterization of the L 98-59 multi-planetary system with HARPS
Mass characterization of a hot super-Earth, a sub-Neptune, and a mass upper limit on the third planet★,★★
1
Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto,
50 St. George Street,
M5S 3H4, Toronto,
ON,
Canada
e-mail: cloutier@astro.utoronto.ca
2
Centre for Planetary Sciences, Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough,
1265 Military Trail,
M1C 1A4,
Toronto,
ON,
Canada
3
Institut de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Département de Physique, Université de Montréal,
Montréal QC,
H3C 3J7,
Canada
4
Departamento de Matemática y Física Aplicadas, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción,
Alonso de Rivera 2850, Concepción,
Chile
5
Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG,
38000 Grenoble,
France
6
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile,
Camino El Observatorio 1515,
Las Condes, Santiago,
Chile
7
Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge,
MA 02139,
USA
8
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,
60 Garden Street,
Cambridge,
MA 02138,
USA
9
Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge,
MA 02139,
USA
10
Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University,
Princeton,
NJ 08544,
USA
11
NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field,
CA 94035,
USA
12
Observatoire de Genève, Université de Genève,
51 ch. des Maillettes, 1290 Sauverny,
Switzerland
13
Universidad de Buenos Aires,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Buenos Aires,
Argentina
14
CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE). Buenos Aires,
Argentina
15
European Southern Observatory,
Alonso de Córdova 3107,
Vitacura, Región Metropolitana,
Chile
16
Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas,
4150-762 Porto,
Portugal
17
SETI Institute,
Mountain View,
CA 94043,
USA
18
Department of Astronomy & Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University,
725 Commonwealth Avenue,
Boston,
MA 02215,
USA
19
Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto,
Portugal
Received:
25
May
2019
Accepted:
13
August
2019
Aims. L 98-59 (TIC 307210830, TOI-175) is a nearby M3 dwarf around which TESS revealed three small transiting planets (0.80, 1.35, 1.57 Earth radii) in a compact configuration with orbital periods shorter than 7.5 days. Here we aim to measure the masses of the known transiting planets in this system using precise radial velocity (RV) measurements taken with the HARPS spectrograph.
Methods. We considered both trained and untrained Gaussian process regression models of stellar activity, which are modeled simultaneously with the planetary signals. Our RV analysis was then supplemented with dynamical simulations to provide strong constraints on the planets’ orbital eccentricities by requiring long-term stability.
Results. We measure the planet masses of the two outermost planets to be 2.42 ± 0.35 and 2.31 ± 0.46 Earth masses, which confirms the bulk terrestrial composition of the former and eludes to a significant radius fraction in an extended gaseous envelope for the latter. We are able to place an upper limit on the mass of the smallest, innermost planet of <1.01 Earth masses with 95% confidence. Our RV plus dynamical stability analysis places strong constraints on the orbital eccentricities and reveals that each planet’s orbit likely has e < 0.1.
Conclusions. L 98-59 is likely a compact system of two rocky planets plus a third outer planet with a lower bulk density possibly indicative of the planet having retained a modest atmosphere. The system offers a unique laboratory for studies of planet formation, dynamical stability, and comparative atmospheric planetology as the two outer planets are attractive targets for atmospheric characterization through transmission spectroscopy. Continued RV monitoring will help refine the characterization of the innermost planet and potentially reveal additional planets in the system at wider separations.
Key words: stars: individual: L 98-59 / planetary systems / stars: low-mass / planets and satellites: terrestrial planets / techniques: radial velocities
Full Tables 2 and A.1 are only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/629/A111
© ESO 2019
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