Issue |
A&A
Volume 629, September 2019
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A26 | |
Number of page(s) | 16 | |
Section | The Sun | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935434 | |
Published online | 29 August 2019 |
Signature of solar g modes in first-order p-mode frequency shifts
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: boening@mps.mpg.de
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
3
Institut für Astrophysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
4
Center for Space Science, NYUAD Institute, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Received:
8
March
2019
Accepted:
27
June
2019
Context. Solar gravity modes (g modes) are buoyancy waves that are trapped in the solar radiative zone and have been very difficult to detect at the surface. Solar g modes would complement solar pressure modes (p modes) in probing the central regions of the Sun, for example the rotation rate of the core.
Aims. A detection of g modes using changes in the large frequency separation of p modes has recently been reported. However, it is unclear how p and g modes interact. The aim of this study is to evaluate to what extent g modes can perturb the frequencies of p modes.
Methods. We computed the first-order perturbation to global p-mode frequencies due to a flow field and perturbations to solar structure (e.g. density and sound speed) caused by a g mode. We focused on long-period g modes and assumed that the g-mode perturbations are constant in time. The surface amplitude of g modes is assumed to be 1 mm s−1, which is close to the observational limit set by Doppler observations.
Results. Gravity modes do perturb p-mode frequencies to first order if the harmonic degree of the g mode is even and if its azimuthal order is zero. The effect is extremely small. For dipole and quadrupole p modes, all frequency shifts are smaller than 0.1 nHz, or 2 × 10−8 in relative numbers. This is because the relative perturbation to solar structure quantities caused by a g mode of realistic amplitude is of the order of 10−6–10−5. Additionally, we find that structural changes dominate over advection. Surprisingly, the interaction of g and p modes takes place to a large part near the surface, where p modes spend most of their propagation times and g modes generate the largest relative changes to solar structure. This is due to the steep density stratification, which compensates the evanescent behaviour of g modes in the convection zone.
Conclusions. It appears to be impossible to detect g modes solely through their signature in p-mode frequency shifts. Whether g modes leave a detectable signature in p-mode travel times under a given observational setup remains an open question.
Key words: Sun: helioseismology / Sun: interior / Sun: oscillations / waves
© V. G. A. Böning et al. 2019
Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Open Access funding provided by Max Planck Society.
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