The atmosphere of WASP-17b: Optical high-resolution transmission spectroscopy

¹ Hamburg Observatory, Hamburg University, Gojenbergsweg 112, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
e-mail: khalafinejad@mpia.de
² Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, 8042 Graz, Austria
³ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 01238, USA
⁴ Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
⁵ Institute for Astrophysics, Göttingen University, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
⁶ Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
⁷ Institut für Astronomie, Universität Wien, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, 1180 Wien, Austria
⁸ Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany

Received: 3 October 2017
Accepted: 26 July 2018

Abstract

High-resolution transmission spectroscopy is a method for understanding the chemical and physical properties of upper exoplanetary atmospheres. Due to large absorption cross-sections, resonance lines of atomic sodium D-lines (at 5889.95 and 5895.92 Å) produce large transmission signals. Our aim is to unveil the physical properties of WASP-17b through an accurate measurement of the sodium absorption in the transmission spectrum. We analyze 37 high-resolution spectra observed during a single transit of WASP-17b with the MIKE instrument on the 6.5 m Magellan Telescopes. We exclude stellar flaring activity during the observations by analyzing the temporal variations of H_α and Ca II infrared triplet (IRT) lines. We then obtain the excess absorption light curves in wavelength bands of 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 3 Å around the center of each sodium line (i.e., the light curve approach). We model the effects of differential limb-darkening, and the changing planetary radial velocity on the light curves. We also analyze the sodium absorption directly in the transmission spectrum, which is obtained by dividing in-transit by out-of-transit spectra (i.e., the division approach). We then compare our measurements with a radiative transfer atmospheric model. Our analysis results in a tentative detection of exoplanetary sodium: we measure the width and amplitude of the exoplanetary sodium feature to be σ_Na = (0.128 ± 0.078) Å and A_Na = (1.7 ± 0.9)% in the excess light curve approach and σ_Na = (0.850 ± 0.034) Å and A_Na = (1.3 ± 0.6)% in the division approach. By comparing our measurements with a simple atmospheric model, we retrieve an atmospheric temperature of 15501550 ₋₂₀₀⁺⁷⁰⁰ K and radius (at 0.1 bar) of 1.81 ± 0.02 R_Jup for WASP-17b.