Circumstellar ammonia in oxygen-rich evolved stars^{★,★★,★★★,★★★★}

¹ Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
e-mail: ktwong@mpifr-bonn.mpg.de
² Present address: Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, 38406 Saint-Martin-d’Hères, France
e-mail: wong@iram.fr
³ Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
⁴ Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
⁵ Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA

Received: 31 August 2017
Accepted: 3 October 2017

Abstract

Context. The circumstellar ammonia (NH₃) chemistry in evolved stars is poorly understood. Previous observations and modelling showed that NH₃ abundance in oxygen-rich stars is several orders of magnitude above that predicted by equilibrium chemistry.

Aims. We would like to characterise the spatial distribution and excitation of NH₃ in the oxygen-rich circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) of four diverse targets: IK Tau, VY CMa, OH 231.8+4.2, and IRC +10420.

Methods. We observed NH₃ emission from the ground state in the inversion transitions near 1.3 cm with the Very Large Array (VLA) and submillimetre rotational transitions with the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) aboard Herschel Space Observatory from all four targets. For IK Tau and VY CMa, we observed NH₃ rovibrational absorption lines in the ν₂ band near 10.5 μm with the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). We also attempted to search for the rotational transition within the excited vibrational state (v₂ = 1) near 2 mm with the IRAM 30m Telescope. Non-LTE radiative transfer modelling, including radiative pumping to the vibrational state, was carried out to derive the radial distribution of NH₃ in the CSEs of these targets.

Results. We detected NH₃ inversion and rotational emission in all four targets. IK Tau and VY CMa show blueshifted absorption in the rovibrational spectra. We did not detect vibrationally excited rotational transition from IK Tau. Spatially resolved VLA images of IK Tau and IRC +10420 show clumpy emission structures; unresolved images of VY CMa and OH 231.8+4.2 indicate that the spatial-kinematic distribution of NH₃ is similar to that of assorted molecules, such as SO and SO₂, that exhibit localised and clumpy emission. Our modelling shows that the NH₃ abundance relative to molecular hydrogen is generally of the order of 10⁻⁷, which is a few times lower than previous estimates that were made without considering radiative pumping and is at least ten times higher than that in the carbon-rich CSE of IRC +10216. NH₃ in OH 231.8+4.2 and IRC +10420 is found to emit in gas denser than the ambient medium. Incidentally, we also derived a new period of IK Tau from its V-band light curve.

Conclusions. NH₃ is again detected in very high abundance in evolved stars, especially the oxygen-rich ones. Its emission mainly arises from localised spatial-kinematic structures that are probably denser than the ambient gas. Circumstellar shocks in the accelerated wind may contribute to the production of NH₃. Future mid-infrared spectroscopy and radio imaging studies are necessary to constrain the radii and physical conditions of the formation regions of NH₃.