Planck intermediate results

XL. The Sunyaev-Zeldovich signal from the Virgo cluster

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg 7945, Cape Town, South Africa
³ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴ Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
⁵ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁶ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁷ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355, Santiago, Chile
⁸ CGEE, SCS Qd 9, Lote C, Torre C, 4° andar, Ed. Parque Cidade Corporate, CEP 70308-200, Brasília, DF, Brazil
⁹ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁰ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹¹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, CA 91125, USA
¹² Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹³ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁴ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁵ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁶ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁷ Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
¹⁸ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
¹⁹ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²⁰ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²² Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²³ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
²⁵ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, NJ 08544, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, CA 93106, USA
²⁷ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
²⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
²⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³² Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁵ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁶ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁷ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
³⁸ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
³⁹ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁰ Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
⁴¹ Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
⁴² HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁴³ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁴ INAF–Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy
⁴⁵ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴⁶ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 40127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁰ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵² INFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵³ INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁵⁴ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Grenoble Alpes; CNRS, IPAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
⁵⁵ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵⁸ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁵⁹ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶¹ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶² Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway
⁶³ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁴ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁶⁵ Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
⁶⁶ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁶⁷ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, OxfordRoad, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁶⁸ Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
⁶⁹ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷⁰ Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
⁷¹ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁷² LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁷³ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁴ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁵ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷⁶ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁷ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁸ Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., GSP-7, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁷⁹ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸⁰ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁸¹ Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
⁸² Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸³ Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁴ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁸⁵ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸⁷ Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸⁸ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁸⁹ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, CA 94720, USA
⁹⁰ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁹¹ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁹² The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
⁹³ UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁴ Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
⁹⁵ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹⁶ University Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁹⁷ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
⁹⁸ University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18071 Granada, Spain
⁹⁹ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 13 November 2015
Accepted: 27 September 2016

Abstract

The Virgo cluster is the largest Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) source in the sky, both in terms of angular size and total integrated flux. Planck’s wide angular scale and frequency coverage, together with its high sensitivity, enable a detailed study of this big object through the SZ effect. Virgo is well resolved by Planck, showing an elongated structure that correlates well with the morphology observed from X-rays, but extends beyond the observed X-ray signal. We find good agreement between the SZ signal (or Compton parameter, y_c) observed by Planck and the expected signal inferred from X-ray observations and simple analytical models. Owing to its proximity to us, the gas beyond the virial radius in Virgo can be studied with unprecedented sensitivity by integrating the SZ signal over tens of square degrees. We study the signal in the outskirts of Virgo and compare it with analytical models and a constrained simulation of the environment of Virgo. Planck data suggest that significant amounts of low-density plasma surround Virgo, out to twice the virial radius. We find the SZ signal in the outskirts of Virgo to be consistent with a simple model that extrapolates the inferred pressure at lower radii, while assuming that the temperature stays in the keV range beyond the virial radius. The observed signal is also consistent with simulations and points to a shallow pressure profile in the outskirts of the cluster. This reservoir of gas at large radii can be linked with the hottest phase of the elusivewarm/hot intergalactic medium. Taking the lack of symmetry of Virgo into account, we find that a prolate model is favoured by the combination of SZ and X-ray data, in agreement with predictions. Finally, based on the combination of the same SZ and X-ray data, we constrain the total amount of gas in Virgo. Under the hypothesis that the abundance of baryons in Virgo is representative of the cosmic average, we also infer a distance for Virgo of approximately 18 Mpc, in good agreement with previous estimates.