Physical conditions in the central molecular zone inferred by H₃⁺

¹ LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, 92190 Meudon, France
e-mail: Franck.LePetit@obspm.fr
² Université Bordeaux, LAB, UMR 5804, 33270 Floirac, France
³ CNRS, LAB, UMR 5804, 33270 Floirac, France
⁴ Université Paris-Diderot Paris 07, 75013 Paris, France

Received: 2 June 2015
Accepted: 18 September 2015

Abstract

Context. The H₃⁺ molecule has been detected in many lines of sight within the central molecular zone (CMZ) with exceptionally large column densities and unusual excitation properties compared to diffuse local clouds. The detection of the (3, 3) metastable level has been suggested to be the signature of warm and diffuse gas in the CMZ.

Aims. We aim to determine the physical conditions and processes in the CMZ that explain the ubiquitous properties of H₃⁺ in this medium and to constrain the value of the cosmic-ray ionization rate.

Methods. We use the Meudon photodissociation region (PDR) code in which H₃⁺ excitation has been implemented. We re-examine the relationship between the column density of H₃⁺ and the cosmic-ray ionization rate, ζ, up to large values of ζ in the frame of this full chemical model. We study the impact of the various mechanisms that can excite H₃⁺ in its metastable state. We produce grids of PDR models exploring different parameters (ζ, size of clouds, metallicity) and infer the physical conditions that best match the observations toward ten lines of sight in the CMZ. For one of them, Herschel observations of HF, OH⁺, H₂O⁺, and H₃O⁺ can be used as additional constraints. We check that the results found for H₃⁺ also account for the observations of these molecules.

Results. We find that the linear relationship between N(H₃⁺) and ζ only holds up to a certain value of the cosmic-ray ionization rate, which depends on the proton density. A value ζ ~ 1−11 × 10^-14 s^-1 explains both the large observed H₃⁺ column density and its excitation in the metastable level (3, 3). This ζ value agrees with that derived from synchrotron emission and Fe Kα line. It also reproduces N(OH⁺), N(H₂O⁺) and N(H₃O⁺) detected toward Sgr B2(N). We confirm that the CMZ probed by H₃⁺ is diffuse, n_H≲ 100 cm^-3 and warm, T ~ 212−505 K. This warm medium is due to cosmic-ray heating. We also find that the diffuse component probed by H₃⁺ must fill a large fraction of the CMZ. Finally, we suggest the warm gas in the CMZ enables efficient H₂ formation via chemisorption sites as in PDRs. This contributes to enhance the abundance of H₃⁺ in this high cosmic-ray flux environment.