Issue |
A&A
Volume 582, October 2015
|
|
---|---|---|
Article Number | A28 | |
Number of page(s) | 23 | |
Section | Extragalactic astronomy | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424643 | |
Published online | 30 September 2015 |
Planck intermediate results
XXV. The Andromeda galaxy as seen by Planck
1 APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
2 Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory and Dept of Radio Science and Engineering, PO Box 13000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
3 African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6–8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7945 Cape Town, South Africa
4 Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
5 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388 Marseille, France
6 Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
7 Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
8 Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, 763 0355 Casilla, Santiago, Chile
9 CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto ON M5S 3H8, Canada
10 CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
11 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, California, USA
12 Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón(CEFCA), Plaza San Juan 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
13 Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 California, USA
14 DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
15 DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
16 Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
17 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
18 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
19 Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
20 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
21 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
23 Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
24 Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
25 Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 New Jersey, USA
26 Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
27 Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
28 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
29 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
30 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
31 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16 Milano, Italy
32 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34128 Trieste, Italy
33 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 Roma, Italy
34 Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
35 European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, 19001 Casilla, Santiago, Chile
36 European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
37 European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
38 Facoltà di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi e-Campus, via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate (CO), Italy
39 Gran Sasso Science Institute, INFN, viale F. Crispi 7, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy
40 HGSFP and University of Heidelberg, Theoretical Physics Department, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
41 Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
42 Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
43 INAF–Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, via S. Sofia 78, Catania, Italy
44 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35141 Padova, Italy
45 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, 00136 Roma, Italy
46 INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
47 INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40127 Bologna, Italy
48 INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
49 INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
50 INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
51 INFN/National Institute for Nuclear Physics, via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
52 Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
53 Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
54 Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
55 Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617), Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91400 Orsay, France
56 Institutd’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
57 Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
58 Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
59 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, 0371 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
60 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain
61 Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
62 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
63 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
64 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
65 Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
66 Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russia
67 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3 Orsay, France
68 LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
69 Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
70 Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
71 Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
72 Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
73 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
74 Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Astro Space Centre, 84/32 Profsoyuznaya st., Moscow, GSP-7, 117997, Russia
75 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
76 McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
77 National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
78 Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
79 Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
80 Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1 E GBT, UK
81 SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
82 School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
83 Sorbonne Université-UPMC, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
84 Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 90095 California, USA
85 Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
86 Sterrewacht Leiden, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
87 Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
88 UK ALMA Regional Centre Node, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
89 UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
90 Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
91 University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
92 University of Granada, Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, 18071 Granada, Spain
93 Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland
Received: 21 July 2014
Accepted: 5 September 2015
The Andromeda galaxy (M 31) is one of a few galaxies that has sufficient angular size on the sky to be resolved by the Planck satellite. Planck has detected M 31 in all of its frequency bands, and has mapped out the dust emission with the High Frequency Instrument, clearly resolving multiple spiralarms and sub-features. We examine the morphology of this long-wavelength dust emission as seen by Planck, including a study of its outermost spiral arms, and investigate the dust heating mechanism across M 31. We find that dust dominating the longer wavelength emission (≳0.3 mm) is heated by the diffuse stellar population (as traced by 3.6 μm emission), with the dust dominating the shorter wavelength emission heated by a mix of the old stellar population and star-forming regions (as traced by 24 μm emission). We also fit spectral energy distributions for individual 5′ pixels and quantify the dust properties across the galaxy, taking into account these different heating mechanisms, finding that there is a linear decrease in temperature with galactocentric distance for dust heated by the old stellar population, as would be expected, with temperatures ranging from around 22 K in the nucleus to 14 K outside of the 10 kpc ring. Finally, we measure the integrated spectrum of the whole galaxy, which we find to be well-fitted with a global dust temperature of (18.2 ± 1.0) K with a spectral index of 1.62 ± 0.11 (assuming a single modified blackbody), and a significant amount of free-free emission at intermediate frequencies of 20–60 GHz, which corresponds to a star formation rate of around 0.12 M⊙ yr-1. We find a 2.3σ detection of the presence of spinning dust emission, with a 30 GHz amplitude of 0.7 ± 0.3 Jy, which is in line with expectations from our Galaxy.
Key words: galaxies: individual: Messier 31 / galaxies: structure / galaxies: ISM / submillimeter: galaxies / radio continuum: galaxies
© ESO, 2015
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