[C II] absorption and emission in the diffuse interstellar medium across the Galactic plane ^⋆,⋆⋆

¹ CNRS UMR 8112, LERMA, Observatoire de Paris and École Normale Supérieure. 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
e-mail: maryvonne.gerin@ens.fr
² Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8112, LERMA, 75005 Paris, France
³ CNRS UMR 5804, Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, 2 rue de l’Observatoire, BP 89, 33271 Floirac Cedex, France
⁴ Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
e-mail: jr.goicoechea@icmm.csic.es
⁵ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109-8099, USA
⁶ California Institute of Technology, Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics 301-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁷ Max-Planck Institute für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁸ Department of Physics and Astronomy, The John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
⁹ National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

Received: 6 June 2014
Accepted: 14 October 2014

Abstract

Aims. Ionized carbon is the main gas-phase reservoir of carbon in the neutral diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) and its 158 μm fine structure transition [C ii] is the most important cooling line of the diffuse ISM. We combine [C ii] absorption and emission spectroscopy to gain an improved understanding of physical conditions in the different phases of the ISM.

Methods. We present high-resolution [C ii] spectra obtained with the Herschel/HIFI instrument towards bright dust continuum regions in the Galactic plane, probing simultaneously the diffuse gas along the line of sight and the background high-mass star forming regions. These data are complemented by single pointings in the 492 and 809 GHz fine structure lines of atomic carbon and by medium spectral resolution spectral maps of the fine structure lines of atomic oxygen at 63 and 145 μm with Herschel/PACS.

Results. We show that the presence of foreground absorption may completely cancel the emission from the background source in medium spectral resolution PACS data and that high spectral resolution spectra are needed to interpret the [C ii] and [O i] emission and the [C ii]/FIR ratio. This phenomenon may explain part of the [C ii]/FIR deficit seen in external luminous infrared galaxies where the bright emission from the nuclear regions may be partially canceled by absorption from diffuse gas in the foreground. The C⁺ and C excitation in the diffuse gas is consistent with a median pressure of ~5900 K cm^-3 for a mean kinetic temperature of ~100 K. A few higher pressure regions are detected along the lines of sight, as emission features in both fine structure lines of atomic carbon. The knowledge of the gas density allows us to determine the filling factor of the absorbing gas along the selected lines of sight. The derived median value of the filling factor is 2.4%, in good agreement with the properties of the Galactic cold neutral medium. The mean excitation temperature is used to derive the average cooling due to C⁺ in the Galactic plane : 9.5 × 10^-26 erg^-1H^-1. Along the observed lines of sight, the gas phase carbon abundance does not exhibit a strong gradient as a function of Galacto-centric radius and has a weighted average of C/H = 1.5 ± 0.4 × 10^-4.