Planck 2013 results. XXX. Cosmic infrared background measurements and implications for star formation

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, 7945 Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, via le Liegi 26, Roma, Italy
⁶ Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany
⁷ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁸ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁹ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355 Santiago, Chile
¹⁰ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹¹ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹² California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹³ Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹⁴ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁵ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁶ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
¹⁷ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁸ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁹ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
²⁰ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²¹ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 33007 Oviedo, Spain
²² Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²³ Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²⁴ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁵ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089, USA
²⁷ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁸ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
²⁹ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
³⁰ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
³¹ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
³² Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
³³ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³⁴ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00135 Roma, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁹ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁰ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁴¹ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴² Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴³ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001 Santiago, Chile
⁴⁴ European SpaceAgency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴⁵ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁶ Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
⁴⁷ Haverford College Astronomy Department, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
⁴⁸ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁵¹ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy
⁵² INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵³ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁴ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵⁵ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁶ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵⁷ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1 / CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁵⁸ ISDC Data Centre for Astrophysics, University of Geneva, Ch. d’Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
⁵⁹ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁶⁰ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
⁶¹ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁶² Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
⁶³ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁴ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶⁵ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR7095), 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶⁶ Institute for Space Sciences, 077125 Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶⁷ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
⁶⁸ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁹ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁷⁰ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁷¹ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁷² Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁷³ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
⁷⁴ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁷⁵ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91898 Orsay, France
⁷⁶ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁷⁷ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁸ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁹ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁸⁰ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁸¹ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸² Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁸³ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸⁴ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 02044 Espoo, Finland
⁸⁵ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁸⁶ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸⁷ ObservationalCosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁸⁸ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁸⁹ SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
⁹⁰ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁹¹ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK
⁹² Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁹³ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁹⁴ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁹⁵ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁹⁶ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁹⁷ Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
⁹⁸ UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7095, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁹ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹⁰⁰ Universities Space Research Association, Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, MS 232-11, Moffett Field CA 94035, USA
¹⁰¹ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 18071 Granada, Spain
¹⁰² Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 17 June 2013
Accepted: 5 December 2013

Abstract

We present new measurements of cosmic infrared background (CIB) anisotropies using Planck. Combining HFI data with IRAS, the angular auto- and cross-frequency power spectrum is measured from 143 to 3000  GHz, and the auto-bispectrum from 217 to 545  GHz. The total areas used to compute the CIB power spectrum and bispectrum are about 2240 and 4400 deg², respectively. After careful removal of the contaminants (cosmic microwave background anisotropies, Galactic dust, and Sunyaev-Zeldovich emission), and a complete study of systematics, the CIB power spectrum is measured with unprecedented signal to noise ratio from angular multipoles ℓ ~ 150 to 2500. The bispectrum due to the clustering of dusty, star-forming galaxies is measured from ℓ ~ 130 to 1100, with a total signal to noise ratio of around 6, 19, and 29 at 217, 353, and 545  GHz, respectively. Two approaches are developed for modelling CIB power spectrum anisotropies. The first approach takes advantage of the unique measurements by Planck at large angular scales, and models only the linear part of the power spectrum, with a mean bias of dark matter haloes hosting dusty galaxies at a given redshift weighted by their contribution to the emissivities. The second approach is based on a model that associates star-forming galaxies with dark matter haloes and their subhaloes, using a parametrized relation between the dust-processed infrared luminosity and (sub-)halo mass. The two approaches simultaneously fit all auto- and cross-power spectra very well. We find that the star formation history is well constrained up to redshifts around 2, and agrees with recent estimates of the obscured star-formation density using Spitzer and Herschel. However, at higher redshift, the accuracy of the star formation history measurement is strongly degraded by the uncertainty in the spectral energy distribution of CIB galaxies. We also find that the mean halo mass which is most efficient at hosting star formation is log (M_eff/M_⊙) = 12.6 and that CIB galaxies have warmer temperatures as redshift increases. The CIB bispectrum is steeper than that expected from the power spectrum, although well fitted by a power law; this gives some information about the contribution of massive haloes to the CIB bispectrum. Finally, we show that the same halo occupation distribution can fit all power spectra simultaneously. The precise measurements enabled by Planck pose new challenges for the modelling of CIB anisotropies, indicating the power of using CIB anisotropies to understand the process of galaxy formation.