Planck 2013 results. XVIII. The gravitational lensing-infrared background correlation

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, 7701 Rondebosch Cape Town, South Africa
⁴ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, viale Liegi 26, 00198 Roma, Italy
⁶ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University ofCambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁷ Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, 4000 Durban, South Africa
⁸ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763 0355 Santiago, Chile
⁹ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁰ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹¹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹² Centre for Theoretical Cosmology, DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
¹³ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁴ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁵ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
¹⁶ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁷ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁸ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24 Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁹ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²⁰ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, 93007 Oviedo, Spain
²¹ Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
²² Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²³ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90089, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
²⁷ Department of Physics, Florida State University, Keen Physics Building, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁹ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, USA
³¹ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³² Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
³⁸ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
³⁹ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁴⁰ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴¹ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001 Santiago, Chile
⁴² European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴³ European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴⁴ Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, Väisäläntie 20, 21500 Piikkiö, Finland
⁴⁵ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomicodi Roma, via di Frascati 33, 00040 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁵¹ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
⁵² INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵³ INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Università di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵⁴ IPAG: Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble 1/CNRS-INSU, UMR 5274, 38041 Grenoble, France
⁵⁵ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵⁶ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁷ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁵⁸ Institut Néel, CNRS, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, 25 rue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
⁵⁹ Institut Universitaire de France, 103 Bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁶⁰ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, 91405 Orsay, France
⁶¹ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98bis Bd Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁶² Institute for Space Sciences, 077125 Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶³ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
⁶⁴ Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁵ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
⁶⁶ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁷ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
⁶⁸ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁶⁹ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁷⁰ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁷¹ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Orsay, France
⁷² LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
⁷³ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷⁴ Laboratoire Traitement et Communication de l’Information, CNRS (UMR 5141) and Télécom ParisTech, 46 rue Barrault, 75634 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁷⁵ Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷⁶ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁷ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁸ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁷⁹ McGill Physics, Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, Canada
⁸⁰ MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 3, 05044 Espoo, Finland
⁸¹ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
⁸² Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA
⁸³ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁸⁴ SB-ITP-LPPC, EPFL, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
⁸⁵ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸⁶ School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸⁷ Space Research Institute (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str, 84/32, 117997 Moscow, Russia
⁸⁸ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁹ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁹⁰ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁹¹ Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK
⁹² Theory Division, PH-TH, CERN, 1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland
⁹³ UPMC Univ. Paris 06, UMR7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁹⁴ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹⁵ University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, 1807 Granada, Spain
⁹⁶ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 21 March 2013
Accepted: 18 March 2014

Abstract

The multi-frequency capability of the Planck satellite provides information both on the integrated history of star formation (via the cosmic infrared background, or CIB) and on the distribution of dark matter (via the lensing effect on the cosmic microwave background, or CMB). The conjunction of these two unique probes allows us to measure directly the connection between dark and luminous matter in the high redshift (1 ≤ z ≤ 3) Universe. We use a three-point statistic optimized to detect the correlation between these two tracers, using lens reconstructions at 100, 143, and 217 GHz, together with CIB measurements at 100–857 GHz. Following a thorough discussion of possible contaminants and a suite of consistency tests, we report the first detection of the correlation between the CIB and CMB lensing. The well matched redshift distribution of these two signals leads to a detection significance with a peak value of 42/19σ (statistical/statistical + systematics) at 545 GHz and a correlation as high as 80% across these two tracers. Our full set of multi-frequency measurements (both CIB auto- and CIB-lensing cross-spectra) are consistent with a simple halo-based model, with a characteristic mass scale for the halos hosting CIB sources of log₁₀(M/M_⊙) = 10.5 ± 0.6. Leveraging the frequency dependence of our signal, we isolate the high redshift contribution to the CIB, and constrain the star formation rate (SFR) density at z ≥ 1. We measure directly the SFR density with around 2σ significance for three redshift bins between z = 1 and 7, thus opening a new window into the study of the formation of stars at early times.