Planck intermediate results

XI. The gas content of dark matter halos: the Sunyaev-Zeldovich-stellar mass relation for locally brightest galaxies

¹ APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/lrfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
² Aalto University Metsähovi Radio Observatory, Metsähovintie 114, 02540 Kylmälä, Finland
³ Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Bauman Str., 20, Kazan, 420111 Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
⁴ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, 6-8 Melrose Road, Muizenberg, Cape Town, South Africa
⁵ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, c/o ESRIN, via Galileo Galilei, Frascati, Italy
⁶ Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Viale Liegi 26, Roma, Italy
⁷ Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
⁸ Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA Santiago Central Offices, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 763, 0355 Santiago, Chile
⁹ CITA, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada
¹⁰ CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
¹¹ California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
¹² Centro de Astrofísica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal
¹³ Centro de Estudios de Física del Cosmos de Aragón (CEFCA), Plaza San Juan, 1, planta 2, 44001 Teruel, Spain
¹⁴ Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
¹⁵ Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
¹⁶ DSM/Irfu/SPP, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
¹⁷ DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
¹⁸ Département de Physique Théorique, Université de Genève, 24, Quai E. Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
¹⁹ Departamento de Física Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
²⁰ Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Avda. Calvo Sotelo s/n, Oviedo, Spain
²¹ Department of Astronomy and Geodesy, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str., 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
²² Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
²³ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁴ Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
²⁵ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letter, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
²⁶ Department of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
²⁷ Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
²⁸ Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
²⁹ Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
³⁰ Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois, USA
³¹ Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
³² Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
³³ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, Roma, Italy
³⁴ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 16, Milano, Italy
³⁵ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste, Italy
³⁶ Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
³⁷ Dipartimento di Matematica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Roma, Italy
³⁸ Discovery Center, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
³⁹ Dpto. Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁴⁰ European Southern Observatory, ESO Vitacura, Alonso de Cordova 3107, Vitacura, Casilla 19001, Santiago, Chile
⁴¹ European Space Agency, ESAC, Planck Science Office, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n, Urbanización Villafranca del Castillo, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
⁴² European Space Agency, ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
⁴³ GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 5 Place J. Janssen, 92195 Meudon Cedex, France
⁴⁴ Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
⁴⁵ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, Padova, Italy
⁴⁶ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
⁴⁷ INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, Trieste, Italy
⁴⁸ INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
⁴⁹ INAF/IASF Bologna, via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
⁵⁰ INAF/IASF Milano, via E. Bassini 15, Milano, Italy
⁵¹ INFN, Sezione di Bologna, via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy
⁵² INFN, Sezione di Roma 1, Universit‘a di Roma Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
⁵³ IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Pune, India
⁵⁴ Imperial College London, Astrophysics group, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
⁵⁵ Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
⁵⁶ Institut Universitaire de France, 103, bd Saint-Michel, 75005 Paris, France
⁵⁷ Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, CNRS (UMR 8617) Université Paris-Sud 11, Bâtiment 121, Orsay, France
⁵⁸ Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS (UMR 7095), 98 bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁵⁹ Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest-Magurale, Romania
⁶⁰ Institute of Astro and Particle Physics, Technikerstrasse 25/8, University ofInnsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
⁶¹ Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
⁶² Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK
⁶³ Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
⁶⁴ Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
⁶⁵ Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria), Avda. de los Castros s/n, Santander, Spain
⁶⁶ Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California, USA
⁶⁷ Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
⁶⁸ Kavli Institute for Cosmology Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
⁶⁹ LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁰ LERMA, CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, 61 avenue de l’Observatoire, Paris, France
⁷¹ Laboratoire AIM, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique – CEA/DSM – CNRS – Université Paris Diderot, Bât. 709, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
⁷² Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I, CNRS/IN2P3, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 53 rue des Martyrs, 38026 Grenoble Cedex, France
⁷³ Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Université Paris-Sud 11 & CNRS, Bâtiment 210, 91405 Orsay, France
⁷⁴ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
⁷⁵ Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, 85741 Garching, Germany
⁷⁶ Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, 85748 Garching, Germany
⁷⁷ National University of Ireland, Department of Experimental Physics, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
⁷⁸ Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
⁷⁹ Observational Cosmology, Mail Stop 367-17, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
⁸⁰ Optical Science Laboratory, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
⁸¹ SISSA, Astrophysics Sector, via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy
⁸² School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK
⁸³ Space Research Institute (IKI), Profsoyuznaya 84/32, Moscow, Russia
⁸⁴ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
⁸⁵ Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnij Arkhyz, Zelenchukskiy region, 369167 Karachai-Cherkessian Republic, Russia
⁸⁶ Stanford University, Dept of Physics, Varian Physics Bldg, 382 via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, California, USA
⁸⁷ TÜBİTAK National Observatory, Akdeniz University Campus, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
⁸⁸ UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7095, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France
⁸⁹ Université Denis Diderot (Paris 7), 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
⁹⁰ Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
⁹¹ University Observatory, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 Munich, Germany
⁹² University of Granada, Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain
⁹³ University of Miami, Knight Physics Building, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, Florida, USA
⁹⁴ Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa, Poland

Received: 17 December 2012
Accepted: 25 June 2013

Abstract

We present the scaling relation between Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) signal and stellar mass for almost 260,000 locally brightest galaxies (LBGs) selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). These are predominantly the central galaxies of their dark matter halos. We calibrate the stellar-to-halo mass conversion using realistic mock catalogues based on the Millennium Simulation. Applying a multi-frequency matched filter to the Planck data for each LBG, and averaging the results in bins of stellar mass, we measure the mean SZ signal down to M_∗ ~ 2 × 10¹¹ M_⊙, with a clear indication of signal at even lower stellar mass. We derive the scaling relation between SZ signal and halo mass by assigning halo properties from our mock catalogues to the real LBGs and simulating the Planck observation process. This relation shows no evidence for deviation from a power law over a halo mass range extending from rich clusters down to M₅₀₀ ~ 2 × 10¹³ M_⊙, and there is a clear indication of signal down to M₅₀₀ ~ 4 × 10¹² M_⊙. Planck’s SZdetections in such low-mass halos imply that about a quarter of all baryons have now been seen in the form of hot halo gas, and that this gas must be less concentrated than the dark matter in such halos in order to remain consistent with X-ray observations. At the high-mass end, the measured SZ signal is 20% lower than found from observations of X-ray clusters, a difference consistent with the magnitude of Malmquist bias effects that were previously estimated for the X-ray sample.