Photodesorption of ices I: CO, , and

¹ Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: oberg@strw.leidenuniv.nl
² Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
³ Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Giessenbachstraat 1, 85748 Garching, Germany

Received: 16 May 2008
Accepted: 14 January 2009

Abstract

Context. A longstanding problem in astrochemistry is how molecules can be maintained in the gas phase in dense inter- and circumstellar regions at temperatures well below their thermal desorption values. Photodesorption is a non-thermal desorption mechanism, which may explain the small amounts of observed cold gas in cloud cores and disk mid-planes.

Aims. This study aims to determine the UV photodesorption yields and to constrain the photodesorption mechanisms of three astrochemically relevant ices: CO, N₂ and CO₂. In addition, the possibility of co-desorption in mixed and layered CO:N₂ ices is explored.

Methods. The UV photodesorption of ices is studied experimentally under ultra high vacuum conditions and at astrochemically relevant temperatures (15–60 K) using a hydrogen discharge lamp (7–10.5 eV). The ice desorption is monitored by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy of the ice and simultaneous mass spectrometry of the desorbed molecules.

Results. Both the UV photodesorption yield per incident photon and the photodesorption mechanism are highly molecule specific. The CO photodesorbs without dissociation from the surface layer of the ice, and N₂, which lacks a dipole allowed electronic transition in the wavelength range of the lamp, has a photodesorption yield that is more than an order of magnitude lower. This yield increases significantly due to co-desorption when N₂ is mixed in with, or layered on top of, CO ice. CO₂ photodesorbs through dissociation and subsequent recombination from the top 10 layers of the ice. At low temperatures (15–18 K), the derived photodesorption yields are and < molecules photon^-1 for pure CO and N₂, respectively. The CO₂ photodesorption yield is molecules photon^-1, where x is the ice thickness in monolayers and the two parts of the expression represent a CO₂ and a CO photodesorption pathway, respectively. At higher temperatures, the CO ice photodesorption yield decreases, while that of CO₂ increases.