Star formation in Perseus^*,**

III. Outflows

¹ School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK e-mail: hatchell@astro.ex.ac.uk
² School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
³ Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

Received: 28 September 2006
Accepted: 11 June 2007

Abstract

Context.We present a search for outflows towards 51 submillimetre cores in the Perseus molecular cloud.

Aims.Our first objective is to identify the protostellar population through the detection of molecular outflows. Our second aim is to consistently derive outflow properties from a large homogeneous dataset within one molecular cloud in order to investigate further the mass dependence and time evolution of protostellar mass loss.

Methods.We used the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope to map   regions around each core in ¹²CO 3–2. Where molecular outflows were detected we derived momentum fluxes.

Results.Of the 51 cores, 37 show broad linewings indicative of molecular outflows. In 13 cases, the linewings could be due to confusion with neighbouring flows but 9 of those sources also have near-infrared detections confirming their protostellar nature. The total fraction of protostars in our sample is 65%. All but four outflow detections are confirmed as protostellar by Spitzer IR detections and only one Spitzer source has no outflow, showing that outflow maps at this sensitivity are equally good at identifying protostars as Spitzer. Outflow momentum flux correlates both with source luminosity and with core mass but there is considerable scatter even within this one cloud despite the homogeneous dataset. We fail to confirm the result of Bontemps et al. (1996) that Class I sources show lower momentum fluxes on average than Class 0 sources, with a KS test showing a significant probability that the momentum fluxes for both Class 0s and Class Is are drawn from the same distribution.

Conclusions.We find that outflow power may not show a simple decline between the Class 0 to Class I stages. Our sample includes low momentum flux, low-luminosity Class 0 sources, possibly at a very early evolutionary stage. If the only mass loss from the core were due to outflows, cores would last for 10⁵–10⁸ years, longer than current estimates of 1.5–4  10⁵ years for the mean lifetime for the embedded phase. Additional mechanisms for removing mass from protostellar cores may be necessary.