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Fig. 10.

Fig. 10. Refer to the following caption and surrounding text.

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Angular-momentum vectors of the ξ Tau sub-systems (Aa+Ab, B, C) and their long-term evolution. The coordinates were rotated to the Laplace reference frame, with the z-axis along the total angular momentum, Lsum, of the whole ξ Tau system (in absence of external torques Lsum is constant). The individual contributions were obtained as L A = m A r A × r ˙ A Mathematical equation: $ {\boldsymbol{L}}_{\mathrm{A}} = m_{\mathrm{A}}\prime {\boldsymbol{r}}_{\mathrm{A}}\times\dot{\boldsymbol{r}}_{\mathrm{A}} $, where mA′ denotes the reduced mass, rA and A the Jacobi coordinate and velocity of the Aa+Ab binary (and similarly for the B and C parts, LB and LC). The (2+1)+1 hierarchy of the system implies that (i) LC and LAB ≡ LA + LB regularly precess about Lsum with a period of ≃85000 y (see colours showing the time in the course of simulation), preserving their mutual angle J2 ≃ 71°; (ii) LA and LB regularly precess about LAB with a period of ≃7000 d, preserving their mutual angle of J1 ≃ 0.5°. Since LC holds the largest share of Lsum, its angular distance from Lsum is only 23°, while that of LAB is more than 47°. As a result, the observed inclinations with respect to the sky plane, i1 and i2, exhibit large variations over millennia.

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